{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308391489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559365","title":"The Closer You Look, The More You Learn","display_name":"The Closer You Look, The More You Learn","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308391489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3548606.3559365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608815","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/26db2035-9851-4ed3-b66c-c8479f4d776c","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073849061","display_name":"Chris McMahon Stone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris McMahon Stone","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113954326","display_name":"Sam Thomas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam L. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["BINARLY, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BINARLY, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065091484","display_name":"Mathy Vanhoef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8971-9470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathy Vanhoef","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084321238","display_name":"James Henderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3714-4799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061652542","display_name":"Nicolas Bailluet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146044","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/03rxtdc22","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146044","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Bailluet","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, Rennes, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, Rennes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146044"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020004082","display_name":"Tom Chothia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-1368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Chothia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073849061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78484108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2265","last_page":"2278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8634379506111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.8328291177749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.7077764272689819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6448274850845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6278676390647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5014989376068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5005965232849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3862062692642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37822628021240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3752741813659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.07641693949699402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8634379506111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.8328291177749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.7077764272689819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6448274850845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6278676390647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5014989376068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5005965232849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3862062692642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37822628021240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3752741813659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.07641693949699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3548606.3559365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608815","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/713699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/713699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2022), Los Angeles, U.S.A., 7-11 November 2022","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/26db2035-9851-4ed3-b66c-c8479f4d776c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/26db2035-9851-4ed3-b66c-c8479f4d776c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"McMahon Stone, C, Thomas, S L, Vanhoef, M, Henderson, J, Bailluet, N & Chothia, T 2022, The Closer You Look, The More You Learn : A Grey-box Approach to Protocol State Machine Learning. in CCS '22 : Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Association for Computing Machinery , New York, pp. 2265-2278, 28th ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2022, Los Angeles, United States, 7/11/22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559365","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/26db2035-9851-4ed3-b66c-c8479f4d776c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/26db2035-9851-4ed3-b66c-c8479f4d776c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"McMahon Stone, C, Thomas, S L, Vanhoef, M, Henderson, J, Bailluet, N & Chothia, T 2022, The Closer You Look, The More You Learn : A Grey-box Approach to Protocol State Machine Learning. in CCS '22 : Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Association for Computing Machinery , New York, pp. 2265-2278, 28th ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2022, Los Angeles, United States, 7/11/22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3548606.3559365","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4874369628","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R008000/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5257789412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R012598/1, EP/R008000/1, EP/V000454/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5408894512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R012598/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8682795926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007128/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W315890393","https://openalex.org/W1529010373","https://openalex.org/W1769343819","https://openalex.org/W1938383858","https://openalex.org/W2011762419","https://openalex.org/W2068448872","https://openalex.org/W2115675703","https://openalex.org/W2123016006","https://openalex.org/W2295974667","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2528688033","https://openalex.org/W2532335977","https://openalex.org/W2615918556","https://openalex.org/W2735911163","https://openalex.org/W2767098552","https://openalex.org/W2868435436","https://openalex.org/W2887644044","https://openalex.org/W3023251497","https://openalex.org/W3047947484","https://openalex.org/W3082431106","https://openalex.org/W3211889063","https://openalex.org/W4244521490","https://openalex.org/W4288057700","https://openalex.org/W4308391489","https://openalex.org/W6631803513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390","https://openalex.org/W2188872161","https://openalex.org/W2961779879","https://openalex.org/W797688974","https://openalex.org/W2002978035","https://openalex.org/W3081644756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,50],"propose":[1],"a":[2],"new":[3,14],"approach":[4],"to":[5,25,37,79,86],"infer":[6],"state":[7,70],"machine":[8],"models":[9],"from":[10,91],"protocol":[11,18],"implementations.":[12,61],"Our":[13,82],"tool,":[15],"StateInspector,":[16],"learns":[17],"states":[19],"by":[20],"using":[21],"novel":[22],"program":[23],"analyses":[24],"combine":[26],"observations":[27],"of":[28,45,101],"run-time":[29],"memory":[30],"and":[31,40,52,59,75,94,98],"I/O.":[32],"It":[33],"requires":[34],"no":[35],"access":[36],"source":[38],"code":[39],"only":[41],"lightweight":[42],"execution":[43],"monitoring":[44],"the":[46,63,92],"implementation":[47],"under":[48],"test.":[49],"demonstrate":[51],"evaluate":[53],"StateInspector's":[54],"effectiveness":[55],"on":[56],"numerous":[57],"TLS":[58],"WPA/2":[60],"In":[62],"process,":[64],"we":[65],"show":[66],"StateInspector":[67],"enables":[68],"deeper":[69],"discovery,":[71],"increased":[72],"learning":[73],"efficiency,":[74],"more":[76],"insight":[77],"compared":[78],"existing":[80],"approaches.":[81],"method":[83],"led":[84],"us":[85],"discover":[87],"several":[88],"concerning":[89],"deviations":[90],"standards":[93],"vulnerabilities":[95],"in":[96],"IWD":[97],"WolfSSL,":[99],"both":[100],"which":[102],"were":[103],"assigned":[104],"CVEs.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-11-11T00:00:00"}