{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284697663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546952","title":"Reinforcement Learning for Practical Express Systems with Mixed Deliveries and Pickups","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning for Practical Express Systems with Mixed Deliveries and Pickups","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284697663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546952","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546952","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037165379","display_name":"Jinwei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5855-7093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5855-7093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020483229","display_name":"Zefang Zong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-6640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zefang Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-6640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020766620","display_name":"Yunlin Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3798-2920"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlin Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hitachi (China) Research Development Corporation, Beijing Shi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3798-2920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hitachi (China) Research Development Corporation, Beijing Shi, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003434396","display_name":"Huan Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9626-5676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9626-5676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044100655","display_name":"Depeng Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0419-5514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Depeng Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0419-5514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355277","display_name":"Yong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-1659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-1659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing Shi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037165379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1673,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88335252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12176","display_name":"Optimization and Packing Problems","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pickup","display_name":"Pickup","score":0.7926205396652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7340538501739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.6929030418395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6283004879951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5548834204673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5001146793365479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4728315770626068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4708143174648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4536043405532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22472286224365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1954210102558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13946077227592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11092826724052429}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572648","display_name":"Pickup","level":3,"score":0.7926205396652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7340538501739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.6929030418395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6283004879951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5548834204673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5001146793365479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4728315770626068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4708143174648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4536043405532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22472286224365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1954210102558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13946077227592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11092826724052429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546952","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546952","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3188007771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3710896277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3734416573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7024251178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020AAA0106000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7894872285","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2060, 61971267, 61972223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4284697663.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4284697663.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1568888911","https://openalex.org/W1585546214","https://openalex.org/W1965618732","https://openalex.org/W1978282323","https://openalex.org/W1982966841","https://openalex.org/W2031736545","https://openalex.org/W2059615070","https://openalex.org/W2081015417","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2117235989","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2238327624","https://openalex.org/W2241862190","https://openalex.org/W2599406057","https://openalex.org/W2607264901","https://openalex.org/W2767831630","https://openalex.org/W2769276327","https://openalex.org/W2787189213","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2948986207","https://openalex.org/W3007745354","https://openalex.org/W3009304813","https://openalex.org/W3157164925","https://openalex.org/W3170112077","https://openalex.org/W4295138992","https://openalex.org/W6703727622","https://openalex.org/W6725207838"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185313546","https://openalex.org/W2185850456","https://openalex.org/W2994962043","https://openalex.org/W2351571732","https://openalex.org/W1496169957","https://openalex.org/W2741596907","https://openalex.org/W4248894450","https://openalex.org/W4293253022","https://openalex.org/W2183192769","https://openalex.org/W3204694157"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"real-world":[1,135],"express":[2],"systems,":[3],"couriers":[4],"need":[5],"to":[6,79,90,97,129,154,175,211,221,246,260],"satisfy":[7],"not":[8],"only":[9],"the":[10,15,81,98,104,108,114,130,141,145,177,180,194,213,218,222,226,234,247,250,258,262],"delivery":[11,75,88],"demands":[12,17],"but":[13],"also":[14],"pick-up":[16],"of":[18,101,111,122,140,179,205,228,252,264],"customers.":[19],"Delivery":[20,48],"and":[21,40,49,74,106,124,157,170,207,241,254,276],"pickup":[22,73,85],"tasks":[23,76],"are":[24,63,77,187],"usually":[25],"mixed":[26,34],"together":[27],"within":[28],"integrated":[29],"routing":[30,35,117,185],"plans.":[31],"Such":[32],"a":[33,164,168,172,191,202,238],"problem":[36],"can":[37,244],"be":[38],"abstracted":[39],"formulated":[41],"as":[42,67,167,190],"Vehicle":[43],"Routing":[44,208],"Problem":[45],"with":[46,92,196,237],"Mixed":[47],"Pickup":[50],"(VRPMDP),":[51],"which":[52,137],"is":[53],"an":[54,150],"NP-hard":[55],"combinatorial":[56],"optimization":[57],"problem.":[58],"To":[59,143],"solve":[60,144],"VRPMDP,":[61],"there":[62],"three":[64],"major":[65],"challenges":[66,146],"below.":[68],"(a)":[69],"Even":[70],"though":[71],"successive":[72],"independent":[78],"accomplish,":[80],"inter-influence":[82],"between":[83,103],"choosing":[84],"task":[86,89],"or":[87],"deal":[91],"still":[93],"exists.":[94],"(b)":[95],"Due":[96],"two-way":[99],"flow":[100],"goods":[102],"depot":[105,115],"customers,":[107],"loading":[109,214,230],"rate":[110,215,231],"vehicles":[112],"leaving":[113],"affects":[116],"decisions.":[118],"(c)":[119],"The":[120,183,267],"proportion":[121,251],"deliveries":[123,253],"pickups":[125],"will":[126],"change":[127],"due":[128],"complex":[131],"demand":[132],"situation":[133],"in":[134,249],"scenarios,":[136],"requires":[138],"robustness":[139],"algorithm.":[142],"above,":[147],"we":[148,162,200],"design":[149],"encoder-decoder":[151],"based":[152],"framework":[153],"generate":[155],"high-quality":[156],"robust":[158],"VRPMDP":[159,165],"solutions.":[160],"First,":[161],"consider":[163],"instance":[166,181],"graph":[169],"utilize":[171],"GNN":[173,239],"encoder":[174,240],"extract":[176],"feature":[178],"effectively.":[182],"detailed":[184],"solutions":[186],"further":[188],"decoded":[189],"sequence":[192],"by":[193],"decoder":[195],"attention":[197],"mechanism.":[198],"Second,":[199],"propose":[201],"Coordinated":[203],"Decision":[204],"Loading":[206],"(CDLR)":[209],"mechanism":[210],"determine":[212],"dynamically":[216],"after":[217],"vehicle":[219],"returns":[220],"depot,":[223],"thus":[224],"avoiding":[225],"influence":[227],"improper":[229],"settings.":[232],"Finally,":[233],"model":[235],"equipped":[236],"CDLR":[242],"simultaneously":[243],"adapt":[245],"changes":[248],"pickups.":[255],"We":[256],"conduct":[257],"experiments":[259,268],"demonstrate":[261],"effectiveness":[263],"our":[265,271],"model.":[266],"show":[269],"that":[270],"method":[272],"achieves":[273],"desirable":[274],"results":[275],"generalization":[277],"ability.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
