{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285030980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546939","title":"Differential Frequency Heterodyne Time-of-Flight Imaging for Instantaneous Depth and Velocity Estimation","display_name":"Differential Frequency Heterodyne Time-of-Flight Imaging for Instantaneous Depth and Velocity Estimation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285030980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007678710","display_name":"Yunpu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-4522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunpu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-4522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084436845","display_name":"Leo Miyashita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-7444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Miyashita","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-7444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010897098","display_name":"Masatoshi Ishikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6096-830X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masatoshi Ishikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6096-830X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007678710"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90793568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterodyne","display_name":"Heterodyne (poetry)","score":0.6916338205337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6820383071899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.6097047924995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.6024631857872009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instantaneous-phase","display_name":"Instantaneous phase","score":0.5567575693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5053939819335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-flight","display_name":"Time of flight","score":0.4839054048061371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.48363959789276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterodyne-detection","display_name":"Heterodyne detection","score":0.4724600315093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4639337658882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4519807696342468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.45099592208862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.42736053466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38661646842956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23778918385505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.19131365418434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.17536479234695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.12959685921669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.09330680966377258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780497637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938394","display_name":"Heterodyne (poetry)","level":2,"score":0.6916338205337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6820383071899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.6097047924995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.6024631857872009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137798554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6038852","display_name":"Instantaneous phase","level":3,"score":0.5567575693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5053939819335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98960154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983322","display_name":"Time of flight","level":2,"score":0.4839054048061371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.48363959789276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204003914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760140","display_name":"Heterodyne detection","level":3,"score":0.4724600315093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4639337658882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4519807696342468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45099592208862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.42736053466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38661646842956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23778918385505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.19131365418434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.17536479234695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12959685921669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.09330680966377258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1230023165","https://openalex.org/W1527354995","https://openalex.org/W1578285471","https://openalex.org/W1968850911","https://openalex.org/W1971646136","https://openalex.org/W1977235425","https://openalex.org/W2015555006","https://openalex.org/W2018528081","https://openalex.org/W2028868706","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2072885278","https://openalex.org/W2082185880","https://openalex.org/W2112858385","https://openalex.org/W2116908739","https://openalex.org/W2210025319","https://openalex.org/W2267298753","https://openalex.org/W2464830972","https://openalex.org/W2468716675","https://openalex.org/W2511048156","https://openalex.org/W2538216436","https://openalex.org/W2620952491","https://openalex.org/W2651035038","https://openalex.org/W2768401785","https://openalex.org/W2787942540","https://openalex.org/W2805682429","https://openalex.org/W2997608763","https://openalex.org/W2999043179","https://openalex.org/W3090454006","https://openalex.org/W3102597069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320929577","https://openalex.org/W2093167008","https://openalex.org/W1964388845","https://openalex.org/W2364953721","https://openalex.org/W1998735284","https://openalex.org/W2378288134","https://openalex.org/W2357206083","https://openalex.org/W2159644966","https://openalex.org/W2520617327","https://openalex.org/W2467349981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,16],"this":[1,151],"study,":[2],"we":[3,119],"discuss":[4],"the":[5,27,30,37,59,62,79,82,103,125,134,139,154,162,179],"imaging":[6,21,157],"of":[7,61,133,170,182],"depth":[8],"and":[9,52,65,95,105,138],"velocity":[10,28,40,127,156,184],"using":[11],"heterodyne-mode":[12],"time-of-flight":[13],"(ToF)":[14],"cameras.":[15],"particular,":[17],"Doppler":[18,31],"ToF":[19,155,171,183],"(D-ToF)":[20],"utilizes":[22],"heterodyne":[23,84],"modulation":[24],"to":[25,49,158,178],"measure":[26],"from":[29,107],"frequency":[32,51,85,87,93,104,136],"shift,":[33],"which":[34,101],"uniquely":[35],"facilitates":[36],"instantaneous":[38],"radial":[39],"estimation.":[41],"However,":[42],"theoretical":[43],"discussion":[44],"on":[45],"D-ToF":[46,63],"is":[47,89,98,122,130,143],"limited":[48],"orthogonal":[50,135],"sinusoidal":[53],"waveform":[54],"modulation.":[55],"This":[56,173],"study":[57,152],"extends":[58],"formulation":[60],"imaging,":[64],"proposes":[66],"an":[67,116],"arbitrary-frequency,":[68],"arbitrary-waveform":[69],"framework":[70],"considering":[71],"a":[72,167],"phase-compensated,":[73],"symmetrical":[74],"two-dimensional":[75],"correlation":[76],"map.":[77],"With":[78,115],"proposed":[80],"framework,":[81],"optimal":[83,163],"for":[86,166],"decoding":[88,96],"found.":[90],"A":[91],"differential":[92],"sampling":[94],"method":[97],"then":[99],"proposed,":[100],"computes":[102],"phase":[106,141],"as":[108,110],"few":[109],"four":[111],"simultaneously":[112],"captured":[113],"images.":[114],"experiment":[117],"platform":[118],"built,":[120],"it":[121],"confirmed":[123],"that":[124,132],"minimum":[126],"sensing":[128],"error":[129],"half":[131],"method,":[137],"sensible":[140],"range":[142,169],"approximately":[144],"2.5":[145],"times":[146],"larger.":[147],"The":[148],"conclusions":[149],"in":[150],"allow":[153],"be":[159],"applied":[160],"at":[161],"sample":[164],"frequencies":[165],"wide":[168],"sensors.":[172],"pushes":[174],"one":[175],"step":[176],"further":[177],"practical":[180],"use":[181],"imaging.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T09:21:14.243279","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}