{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293067304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546914","title":"Seeing Should Probably Not Be Believing: The Role of Deceptive Support in COVID-19 Misinformation on Twitter","display_name":"Seeing Should Probably Not Be Believing: The Role of Deceptive Support in COVID-19 Misinformation on Twitter","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293067304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546914"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546914","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110189822","display_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","issn_l":"1936-1955","issn":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546914","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006503247","display_name":"Chaoyuan Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-0193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoyuan Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-0193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087078907","display_name":"Ritwik Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0336-0258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ritwik Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0336-0258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019235941","display_name":"Fateme Hashemi Chaleshtori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5765-5102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fateme Hashemi Chaleshtori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5765-5102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047638523","display_name":"Hossein Shirazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-0628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Shirazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-0628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008904412","display_name":"Indrakshi Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-7676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indrakshi Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-7676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.586,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8693693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.8594077825546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.7731897830963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.6355971097946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5689874887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5684338212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.5465192794799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.46724462509155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.414086252450943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3450188636779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3141356110572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14881566166877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1272580623626709}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.8594077825546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.7731897830963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.6355971097946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5689874887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5684338212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.5465192794799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.46724462509155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.414086252450943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3450188636779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3141356110572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14881566166877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1272580623626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546914","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110189822","display_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","issn_l":"1936-1955","issn":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546914","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3546914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110189822","display_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","issn_l":"1936-1955","issn":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data and Information Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.75,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2309726849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1822118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2814133243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS 2027750, CNS 1822118, and SES 1834597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3882491965","display_name":"EAGER: SaTC: Tracking Semantic Change in Medical Information","funder_award_id":"1834597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5043354776","display_name":"RAPID: ENSURING INTEGRITY OF COVID-19 DATA AND NEWS ACROSS REGIONS","funder_award_id":"2027750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5722133124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1822118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293067304.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293067304.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31250479","https://openalex.org/W1554540371","https://openalex.org/W1638051351","https://openalex.org/W1934362406","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W2015014880","https://openalex.org/W2018444966","https://openalex.org/W2052635433","https://openalex.org/W2058049360","https://openalex.org/W2087761187","https://openalex.org/W2095233380","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2169718546","https://openalex.org/W2232384272","https://openalex.org/W2251980887","https://openalex.org/W2252350410","https://openalex.org/W2290484796","https://openalex.org/W2318253292","https://openalex.org/W2508989498","https://openalex.org/W2547213877","https://openalex.org/W2581789519","https://openalex.org/W2598230052","https://openalex.org/W2602856279","https://openalex.org/W2611363225","https://openalex.org/W2624317482","https://openalex.org/W2743800013","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2892163801","https://openalex.org/W2910453440","https://openalex.org/W2912296668","https://openalex.org/W2913766202","https://openalex.org/W2962795929","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963523292","https://openalex.org/W2963626623","https://openalex.org/W2963704837","https://openalex.org/W2964068236","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2970113935","https://openalex.org/W2985080525","https://openalex.org/W3007198457","https://openalex.org/W3011186656","https://openalex.org/W3011345566","https://openalex.org/W3017145058","https://openalex.org/W3017171819","https://openalex.org/W3021955997","https://openalex.org/W3027694197","https://openalex.org/W3031781733","https://openalex.org/W3033305165","https://openalex.org/W3080590497","https://openalex.org/W3097301690","https://openalex.org/W3099342932","https://openalex.org/W3100209521","https://openalex.org/W3101739755","https://openalex.org/W3131645232","https://openalex.org/W3158319976","https://openalex.org/W3192600070","https://openalex.org/W6963805454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081379046","https://openalex.org/W2100028027","https://openalex.org/W4304145139","https://openalex.org/W3198351040","https://openalex.org/W4310502242","https://openalex.org/W2994676997","https://openalex.org/W3120934925","https://openalex.org/W4283756172","https://openalex.org/W3206164673","https://openalex.org/W3188086985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,11,27,50,53,57,61,75,88,129,138,155,166,171,182,196,214,238],"spread":[2],"of":[3,8,42,100,113,154,157,168,181,199],"SARS-CoV-2,":[5],"enormous":[6],"amounts":[7],"information":[9,76,149],"about":[10],"pandemic":[12],"are":[13,135,185,233,242],"disseminated":[14],"through":[15],"social":[16,62,200],"media":[17,23,63,201],"platforms":[18],"such":[19,206],"as":[20,39,207,227],"Twitter.":[21,208],"Social":[22],"posts":[24,202],"often":[25],"leverage":[26],"trust":[28],"readers":[29],"have":[30],"in":[31,60,77,132],"prestigious":[32],"news":[33,37,90,225,240],"agencies":[34],"and":[35,105,120,125,188,241],"cite":[36],"articles":[38],"a":[40,67,78,82,98,133,204,218,224],"way":[41],"gaining":[43],"credibility.":[44],"Nevertheless,":[45],"it":[46,141],"is":[47,84,94,106],"not":[48,186,190,234],"always":[49],"case":[51],"that":[52,146,178,212,216],"cited":[54,89,239],"article":[55,140,226],"supports":[56],"claim":[58,119,221],"made":[59,131],"post.":[64],"We":[65,176],"present":[66],"cross-genre":[68],"ad":[69],"hoc":[70,152],"pipeline":[71],"to":[72,115,122,161,174],"identify":[73,162],"whether":[74,128],"Twitter":[79],"post":[80,151],"(i.e.,":[81],"\u201cTweet\u201d)":[83],"indeed":[85],"supported":[86,136,236],"by":[87,137,150,237],"article.":[91],"Our":[92],"approach":[93],"empirically":[95],"based":[96],"on":[97,203],"corpus":[99],"over":[101],"46.86":[102],"million":[103],"Tweets":[104,117,183,215],"divided":[107],"into":[108],"two":[109],"tasks:":[110],"(i)":[111],"development":[112],"models":[114],"detect":[116,147],"containing":[118],"worth":[121,191],"be":[123],"fact-checked":[124],"(ii)":[126],"verifying":[127],"claims":[130],"Tweet":[134],"newswire":[139],"cites.":[142],"Unlike":[143],"previous":[144],"studies":[145],"unsubstantiated":[148],"analysis":[153],"patterns":[156],"propagation,":[158],"we":[159,210],"seek":[160],"reliable":[163],"support":[164],"(or":[165],"lack":[167],"it)":[169],"before":[170],"misinformation":[172],"begins":[173],"spread.":[175],"discover":[177],"nearly":[179],"half":[180],"(43.4%)":[184],"factual":[187,220],"hence":[189,243],"checking\u2014a":[192],"significant":[193],"filter,":[194],"given":[195],"sheer":[197],"volume":[198],"platform":[205],"Moreover,":[209],"find":[211],"among":[213],"contain":[217],"seemingly":[219],"while":[222],"citing":[223],"supporting":[228],"evidence,":[229],"at":[230],"least":[231],"1%":[232],"actually":[235],"misleading.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}