{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157488278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546790.3546806","title":"Neuromorphic Computing is Turing-Complete","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing is Turing-Complete","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157488278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546790.3546806","mag":"3157488278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546790.3546806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546790.3546806","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Neuromorphic Systems 2022","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905363","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047288261","display_name":"Prasanna Date","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1664-069X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prasanna Date","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108127910","display_name":"Thomas Potok","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Potok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033784578","display_name":"Catherine D. Schuman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-8097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Schuman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046319147","display_name":"Bill Kay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8288-8953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bill Kay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047288261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2927,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78420475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9883013963699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7500888109207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unconventional-computing","display_name":"Unconventional computing","score":0.6591153144836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-machine","display_name":"Turing machine","score":0.604432225227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-architecture","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","score":0.596097469329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.534856915473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reversible-computing","display_name":"Reversible computing","score":0.43809041380882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.43371254205703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3204106390476227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.3134000897407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.281445175409317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.1951882243156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19224581122398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.16422593593597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12232059240341187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9883013963699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7500888109207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23375383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176499","display_name":"Unconventional computing","level":2,"score":0.6591153144836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29248071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163310","display_name":"Turing machine","level":3,"score":0.604432225227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.596097469329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.534856915473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20274610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185410","display_name":"Reversible computing","level":4,"score":0.43809041380882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.43371254205703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3204106390476227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3134000897407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.281445175409317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.1951882243156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19224581122398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.16422593593597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12232059240341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546790.3546806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546790.3546806","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Neuromorphic Systems 2022","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1905363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1905363","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1905363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1905363","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1489425746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1719536385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2042897603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR2272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2296932962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3299391273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4370606643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","funder_display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4694431782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR2272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726405315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6129992089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6488227018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6864165199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G691578896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR2272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7340972926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"other","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7995982022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8414908677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8799952057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943143067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","display_name":"UT-Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/04nza6677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0012c7r22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157488278.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157488278.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485161910","https://openalex.org/W1543681585","https://openalex.org/W1554288449","https://openalex.org/W1631356911","https://openalex.org/W1967983190","https://openalex.org/W1993688167","https://openalex.org/W1996404651","https://openalex.org/W2055789895","https://openalex.org/W2064811181","https://openalex.org/W2069552454","https://openalex.org/W2076964542","https://openalex.org/W2087861759","https://openalex.org/W2110836275","https://openalex.org/W2117489143","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2145482038","https://openalex.org/W2149257324","https://openalex.org/W2159951683","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2203888028","https://openalex.org/W2323777246","https://openalex.org/W2549083315","https://openalex.org/W2620342231","https://openalex.org/W2735562682","https://openalex.org/W2746309196","https://openalex.org/W2775855651","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2784327807","https://openalex.org/W2914727454","https://openalex.org/W2919844071","https://openalex.org/W2922913624","https://openalex.org/W2969335882","https://openalex.org/W2969536663","https://openalex.org/W2974494162","https://openalex.org/W2977464668","https://openalex.org/W2978500892","https://openalex.org/W2980819124","https://openalex.org/W2983115849","https://openalex.org/W3036005995","https://openalex.org/W3036180802","https://openalex.org/W3036600220","https://openalex.org/W3036805013","https://openalex.org/W3037315640","https://openalex.org/W3041013009","https://openalex.org/W3041554531","https://openalex.org/W3045570916","https://openalex.org/W3045595568","https://openalex.org/W3046127916","https://openalex.org/W3093075937","https://openalex.org/W3093388624","https://openalex.org/W3093661149","https://openalex.org/W3100002045","https://openalex.org/W3101479050","https://openalex.org/W3106856777","https://openalex.org/W3217350819","https://openalex.org/W4210896998","https://openalex.org/W4249536572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549656885","https://openalex.org/W2504678134","https://openalex.org/W4225977302","https://openalex.org/W4387251031","https://openalex.org/W3205203327","https://openalex.org/W4306160710","https://openalex.org/W4293576507","https://openalex.org/W2770673106","https://openalex.org/W4302301978","https://openalex.org/W3157488278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0,16,72],"computing":[1,6,48,70,102,114,127,164],"is":[2,128],"a":[3,139,203],"non-von":[4],"Neumann":[5],"paradigm":[7],"that":[8,100,125,188,198],"performs":[9],"computation":[10],"by":[11],"emulating":[12],"the":[13,36,54,68,166,177,189,196,209],"human":[14],"brain.":[15],"systems":[17,73],"are":[18,60,74,84,194],"extremely":[19],"energy-efficient":[20],"and":[21,32,49,94,130,150,152,157,172,175,184,192],"known":[22],"to":[23,38,62],"consume":[24],"thousands":[25],"of":[26,51,67,106,112,133,141,211],"times":[27],"less":[28],"power":[29],"than":[30],"CPUs":[31],"GPUs.":[33],"They":[34],"have":[35],"potential":[37],"drive":[39],"critical":[40],"use":[41],"cases":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"autonomous":[45],"vehicles,":[46],"edge":[47],"internet":[50],"things":[52],"in":[53,89],"future.":[55],"For":[56],"this":[57,121,206],"reason,":[58],"they":[59],"sought":[61],"be":[63,104,200],"an":[64],"indispensable":[65],"part":[66],"future":[69],"landscape.":[71],"mainly":[75],"used":[76],"for":[77,163],"spike-based":[78,95],"machine":[79],"learning":[80,87],"applications,":[81],"although":[82],"there":[83],"some":[85],"non-machine":[86],"applications":[88,98],"graph":[90],"theory,":[91],"differential":[92],"equations,":[93],"simulations.":[96],"These":[97],"suggest":[99],"neuromorphic":[101,113,126,142,161,212],"might":[103],"capable":[105,132],"general-purpose":[107,110,134],"computing.":[108,135,213],"However,":[109],"computability":[111],"has":[115],"not":[116],"been":[117],"established":[118],"yet.":[119],"In":[120],"work,":[122],"we":[123,137],"prove":[124],"Turing-complete":[129],"therefore":[131],"Specifically,":[136],"present":[138],"model":[140],"computing,":[143],"with":[144],"just":[145],"two":[146,153],"neuron":[147],"parameters":[148,155],"(threshold":[149],"leak),":[151],"synaptic":[154],"(weight":[156],"delay).":[158],"We":[159],"devise":[160],"circuits":[162],"all":[165,176],"\u03bc-recursive":[167,178,190],"functions":[168,191],"(i.e.,":[169,180],"constant,":[170],"successor":[171],"projection":[173],"functions)":[174],"operators":[179,193],"composition,":[181],"primitive":[182],"recursion":[183],"minimization":[185],"operators).":[186],"Given":[187],"precisely":[195],"ones":[197],"can":[199],"computed":[201],"using":[202],"Turing":[204],"machine,":[205],"work":[207],"establishes":[208],"Turing-completeness":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
