{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292621908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546157.3546168","title":"A Nonsynaptic Memory Based Neural Network for Hand-Written Digit Classification Using an Explainable Feature Extraction Method","display_name":"A Nonsynaptic Memory Based Neural Network for Hand-Written Digit Classification Using an Explainable Feature Extraction Method","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292621908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546157.3546168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546157.3546168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546157.3546168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 the 6th International Conference on Information System and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103032056","display_name":"Faramarz Faghihi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-7389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faramarz Faghihi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Listening Lab (MLL), University of Bremen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Listening Lab (MLL), University of Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088380372","display_name":"Siqi Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3282-9246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Listening Lab (MLL), University of Bremen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Listening Lab (MLL), University of Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026110190","display_name":"Ahmed A. Moustafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-273X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120125038","display_name":"Bond University","ror":"https://ror.org/006jxzx88","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120125038"]}],"countries":["AU","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Moustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Bond University, Australia and \rDepartment of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Bond University, Australia and \rDepartment of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120125038","https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016064500","display_name":"Hany Alashwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-5104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hany Alashwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103032056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2759,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62380967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9735000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-digit","display_name":"Numerical digit","score":0.7584306001663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.7416999340057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7398872375488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5902114510536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5397298336029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5180850028991699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5000741481781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digit-recognition","display_name":"Digit recognition","score":0.43809863924980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.4312478005886078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3783314824104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.23291262984275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12264791131019592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94957134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82990","display_name":"Numerical digit","level":2,"score":0.7584306001663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.7416999340057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7398872375488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5902114510536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5397298336029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5180850028991699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5000741481781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.43809863924980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4312478005886078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3783314824104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.23291262984275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12264791131019592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3546157.3546168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546157.3546168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 the 6th International Conference on Information System and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://pure.bond.edu.au/:publications/caaf963c-e39c-4750-b4b0-8546796123fa","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/caaf963c-e39c-4750-b4b0-8546796123fa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402608","display_name":"Bond University Research Portal (Bond University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I120125038","host_organization_name":"Bond University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120125038"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faghihi, F, Cai, S, Moustafa, A & Alashwal, H 2022, A Nonsynaptic Memory Based Neural Network for Hand-Written Digit Classification Using an Explainable Feature Extraction Method. in ICISDM 2022 - 2022 6th International Conference on Information System and Data Mining. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), pp. 69-75, 6th International Conference on Information System and Data Mining, Virtual, Online, California, United States, 27/05/22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3546157.3546168","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W415355213","https://openalex.org/W1980698266","https://openalex.org/W1991843519","https://openalex.org/W2092965971","https://openalex.org/W2182396527","https://openalex.org/W2338035914","https://openalex.org/W2395106899","https://openalex.org/W2564082433","https://openalex.org/W2738724892","https://openalex.org/W2769956515","https://openalex.org/W2786715987","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2903334135","https://openalex.org/W2912123949","https://openalex.org/W2914361849","https://openalex.org/W2915137056","https://openalex.org/W2944378183","https://openalex.org/W2944580495","https://openalex.org/W2969343193","https://openalex.org/W3000043683","https://openalex.org/W3003708872","https://openalex.org/W3034538059","https://openalex.org/W3041076719","https://openalex.org/W3047015682","https://openalex.org/W3082524298","https://openalex.org/W3108071652","https://openalex.org/W3162778083","https://openalex.org/W3193881593","https://openalex.org/W4239689277","https://openalex.org/W4299997467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2911525106","https://openalex.org/W4322746633","https://openalex.org/W2736239746","https://openalex.org/W2169083538","https://openalex.org/W2397763568","https://openalex.org/W4398154895","https://openalex.org/W1945018945","https://openalex.org/W3154661292","https://openalex.org/W3037127226","https://openalex.org/W4367793605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"methods":[2,12],"have":[3],"been":[4],"developed":[5,30],"for":[6,31,94],"handwritten":[7,32],"digit":[8,33,39,106],"classification.":[9,34],"However,":[10],"these":[11],"work":[13],"as":[14,47,49,64],"\u2018black-boxes\u2019":[15],"and":[16,44,76,124],"need":[17],"large":[18],"training":[19,75,122,137],"data.":[20],"In":[21,53],"this":[22,149],"study,":[23],"an":[24,111],"explainable":[25],"feature":[26],"extraction":[27],"method":[28,109],"is":[29,150,185],"The":[35],"features":[36,58,72],"of":[37,97,113,120,129,135,139,146,166,172,191],"the":[38,68,71,80,89,95,121,140,144,151,168],"image":[40],"include":[41],"horizontal,":[42],"vertical,":[43],"orthogonal":[45],"lines":[46],"well":[48],"full":[50],"or":[51],"semi-circles.":[52],"our":[54,147],"proposed":[55],"method,":[56],"such":[57,188],"are":[59,92],"extracted":[60],"using":[61,117,132],"10":[62],"neurons":[63,69,81,91,161,180],"computational":[65],"units.":[66],"Specifically,":[67],"store":[70,77],"through":[73],"network":[74],"them":[78,104],"inside":[79,157],"in":[82,170],"a":[83,126,158,189],"non-synaptic":[84,163],"memory":[85,199],"manner.":[86],"Following":[87],"that,":[88],"trained":[90],"used":[93],"retrieval":[96],"information":[98,156,169],"from":[99],"test":[100],"images":[101],"to":[102,105,177,181,204,209],"assign":[103],"categories.":[107],"Our":[108],"shows":[110],"accuracy":[112,116,128],"75":[114],"%":[115,119,131],"0.016":[118],"data":[123,138],"achieves":[125],"high":[127],"86":[130],"one":[133],"epoch":[134],"whole":[136],"MNIST":[141],"dataset.":[142],"To":[143],"best":[145],"knowledge,":[148],"first":[152],"model":[153],"that":[154,187,201],"stores":[155],"few":[159],"single":[160,179],"(i.e.,":[162],"memory)":[164],"instead":[165],"storing":[167],"synapses":[171],"connected":[173],"feed-forward":[174],"layers.":[175],"Due":[176],"enabling":[178],"compute":[182],"individually,":[183],"it":[184],"expected":[186],"class":[190],"neural":[192,211],"networks":[193],"can":[194],"be":[195],"combined":[196],"with":[197],"synaptic":[198],"architectures":[200],"we":[202],"expect":[203],"show":[205],"higher":[206],"performance":[207],"compared":[208],"traditional":[210],"networks.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}