{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323037544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3545945.3569823","title":"Conversing with Copilot: Exploring Prompt Engineering for Solving CS1 Problems Using Natural Language","display_name":"Conversing with Copilot: Exploring Prompt Engineering for Solving CS1 Problems Using Natural Language","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323037544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3545945.3569823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3545945.3569823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3545945.3569823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032890999","display_name":"Paul Denny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5150-9806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Denny","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090940680","display_name":"Viraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-0141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086003257","display_name":"Nasser Giacaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6885-1571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasser Giacaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032890999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":117.3993,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":260,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99991348,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1136","last_page":"1142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7622552514076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5843473672866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.46803951263427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.43778783082962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.4363691806793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.427212119102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.41911688446998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.41824179887771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3854261636734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.32141798734664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13559675216674805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7622552514076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5843473672866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.46803951263427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.43778783082962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.4363691806793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.427212119102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.41911688446998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41824179887771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3854261636734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.32141798734664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13559675216674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3545945.3569823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3545945.3569823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 54th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973831620","https://openalex.org/W2888311282","https://openalex.org/W3128912454","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3162583225","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W3183541766","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W3206658840","https://openalex.org/W4211263275","https://openalex.org/W4213241976","https://openalex.org/W4224035735","https://openalex.org/W4225108562","https://openalex.org/W4225120919","https://openalex.org/W4282830668","https://openalex.org/W4283705032","https://openalex.org/W4283775237","https://openalex.org/W4283781401","https://openalex.org/W4287328210","https://openalex.org/W4308757526","https://openalex.org/W4312438588","https://openalex.org/W4317502110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081644756","https://openalex.org/W4288263119","https://openalex.org/W3015724364","https://openalex.org/W2967994095","https://openalex.org/W4285240985","https://openalex.org/W2900126711","https://openalex.org/W4286930972","https://openalex.org/W3202115945","https://openalex.org/W2542958340","https://openalex.org/W4389520438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"GitHub":[0],"Copilot":[1,20,85,102,115,178],"is":[2,76,183,195],"an":[3],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"tool":[6],"for":[7,25,83],"automatically":[8],"generating":[9],"source":[10],"code":[11,202],"from":[12],"natural":[13,93,152],"language":[14,94,153],"problem":[15,157],"descriptions.":[16],"Since":[17],"June":[18],"2022,":[19],"has":[21,51],"officially":[22],"been":[23],"available":[24,119],"free":[26],"to":[27,33,155,197],"all":[28],"students":[29],"as":[30],"a":[31,97,117,172,184],"plug-in":[32],"development":[34],"environments":[35],"like":[36],"Visual":[37],"Studio":[38],"Code.":[39],"Prior":[40],"work":[41],"exploring":[42],"OpenAI":[43],"Codex,":[44],"the":[45,79,92,112,147,156,199],"underlying":[46],"model":[47],"that":[48,96,127,142,161,189],"powers":[49],"Copilot,":[50],"shown":[52],"it":[53,128,143,180],"performs":[54],"well":[55],"on":[56,67,116,136],"typical":[57],"CS1":[58],"problems":[59,82,135,149],"thus":[60],"raising":[61],"concerns":[62],"about":[63,78,91],"its":[64,137],"potential":[65],"impact":[66],"how":[68],"introductory":[69],"programming":[70,123],"courses":[71],"are":[72],"taught.":[73],"However,":[74],"little":[75],"known":[77],"types":[80],"of":[81,114,121,133,146,164,201],"which":[84,167],"does":[86],"not":[87],"perform":[88],"well,":[89],"or":[90],"interactions":[95],"student":[98],"might":[99],"have":[100],"with":[101],"when":[103,179],"resolving":[104],"errors.":[105],"We":[106,125,159],"explore":[107],"these":[108,134],"questions":[109],"by":[110],"evaluating":[111],"performance":[113],"publicly":[118],"dataset":[120],"166":[122],"problems.":[124],"find":[126],"successfully":[129],"solves":[130,144],"around":[131],"half":[132],"very":[138],"first":[139],"attempt,":[140],"and":[141,177,194],"60%":[145],"remaining":[148],"using":[150],"only":[151],"changes":[154],"description.":[158],"argue":[160],"this":[162],"type":[163],"prompt":[165],"engineering,":[166],"we":[168],"believe":[169],"will":[170],"become":[171],"standard":[173],"interaction":[174],"between":[175],"human":[176],"initially":[181],"fails,":[182],"potentially":[185],"useful":[186],"learning":[187],"activity":[188],"promotes":[190],"computational":[191],"thinking":[192],"skills,":[193],"likely":[196],"change":[198],"nature":[200],"writing":[203],"skill":[204],"development.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":54}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
