{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283756030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544902.3546253","title":"Potential Technical Debt and Its Resolution in Code Reviews: An Exploratory Study of the OpenStack and Qt Communities","display_name":"Potential Technical Debt and Its Resolution in Code Reviews: An Exploratory Study of the OpenStack and Qt Communities","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283756030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544902.3546253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544902.3546253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544902.3546253","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM / IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109379548","display_name":"Liming Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2891-0116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liming Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049939779","display_name":"Peng Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-5346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101741279","display_name":"Zeeshan Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2810-7892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000298412","display_name":"Zengyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7258-993X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025562598","display_name":"Amjed Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-1366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjed Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101021617","display_name":"Xiaofeng Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8400-8383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University, China and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109379548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5162,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85994114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"216","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.7657709121704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.686500608921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6765627264976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-review","display_name":"Code review","score":0.652012288570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6311701536178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6188341975212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5610889196395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.5560570359230042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5114256739616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5057661533355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4880927801132202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.48042821884155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.4116535782814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2665347158908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.23625251650810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.1403864324092865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.7657709121704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.686500608921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6765627264976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.652012288570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6311701536178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6188341975212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5610889196395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.5560570359230042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5114256739616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5057661533355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4880927801132202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.48042821884155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.4116535782814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2665347158908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.23625251650810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.1403864324092865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544902.3546253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544902.3546253","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM / IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3792353997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546884423","https://openalex.org/W1965658570","https://openalex.org/W1968074466","https://openalex.org/W1971796909","https://openalex.org/W2006192515","https://openalex.org/W2019257047","https://openalex.org/W2028836139","https://openalex.org/W2045336717","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2089758871","https://openalex.org/W2162739315","https://openalex.org/W2181921062","https://openalex.org/W2518360245","https://openalex.org/W2772484800","https://openalex.org/W2787379525","https://openalex.org/W2894722607","https://openalex.org/W2966473955","https://openalex.org/W2998678832","https://openalex.org/W3010410794","https://openalex.org/W3023044131","https://openalex.org/W3087834704","https://openalex.org/W3093959562","https://openalex.org/W3094814593","https://openalex.org/W3107676683","https://openalex.org/W3159076496","https://openalex.org/W3161238113","https://openalex.org/W3175279244","https://openalex.org/W3212551653","https://openalex.org/W4210729440","https://openalex.org/W4247584684","https://openalex.org/W4393809534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254993176","https://openalex.org/W2014216297","https://openalex.org/W4241437391","https://openalex.org/W4287262327","https://openalex.org/W3177447400","https://openalex.org/W3128257033","https://openalex.org/W3136205849","https://openalex.org/W2147863284","https://openalex.org/W3165221216","https://openalex.org/W4380568682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Technical":[1,66],"Debt":[2,67],"(TD)":[3],"refers":[4],"to":[5,12,46,94,107,156,288,342],"the":[6,17,30,36,51,55,92,131,158,168,183,189,249,254,268,282,290,311,332],"situation":[7],"where":[8],"developers":[9,274,287],"make":[10],"trade-offs":[11],"achieve":[13],"short-term":[14],"goals":[15],"at":[16],"expense":[18],"of":[19,32,38,119,133,160,170,186,193,253,267,304,310,324],"long-term":[20],"code":[21,39,56,100,126,134,163,222,235,240,244,258,294],"quality,":[22],"which":[23,95,243],"can":[24,218],"have":[25,44,104],"a":[26,116,276,321],"negative":[27],"impact":[28],"on":[29],"quality":[31,132],"software":[33,80,333],"systems.":[34,334],"In":[35],"context":[37],"review,":[40],"such":[41,142],"sub-optimal":[42],"implementations":[43],"chances":[45],"be":[47,219],"timely":[48],"resolved":[49,262,269,272],"during":[50],"review":[52,127,180,200,206],"process":[53],"before":[54],"is":[57,77,89,97,225,281,306,319],"merged.":[58],"Therefore,":[59],"we":[60,148],"could":[61,128],"consider":[62],"them":[63],"as":[64,143,308],"Potential":[65],"(PTD)":[68],"since":[69],"PTD":[70,96,120,161,171,217,236,247,255,291,305,325,346],"will":[71],"evolve":[72],"into":[73,79,331],"TD":[74,270],"when":[75,329],"it":[76],"injected":[78,330],"systems":[81],"without":[82],"being":[83,173],"resolved.":[84],"Aim:":[85],"To":[86,145],"date,":[87],"little":[88],"known":[90],"about":[91],"extent":[93],"identified":[98,220,238,256,292],"in":[99,153,162,221,239,242,257,293,314,347],"reviews.":[101,295],"Many":[102],"tools":[103,112,124],"been":[105,137,261],"provided":[106],"detect":[108],"TD,":[109],"but":[110,224],"these":[111,199],"lack":[113],"consensus":[114],"and":[115,165,188,202,234,245,265,316,336,344],"large":[117],"amount":[118],"are":[121,237,248],"undetectable":[122],"by":[123,139,263,273,286],"while":[125],"help":[129],"verify":[130],"that":[135],"has":[136,260],"committed":[138],"identifying":[140],"issues,":[141],"PTD.":[144],"this":[146],"end,":[147],"conducted":[149],"an":[150,154],"exploratory":[151],"study":[152],"attempt":[155],"understand":[157],"nature":[159],"reviews":[164,223,259],"track":[166],"down":[167],"resolution":[169],"after":[172],"identified.":[174],"Method:":[175],"We":[176,195],"randomly":[177],"collected":[178],"2,030":[179],"comments":[181,207],"from":[182],"Nova":[184],"project":[185,192],"OpenStack":[187],"Qt":[190],"Base":[191],"Qt.":[194],"then":[196],"manually":[197],"checked":[198],"comments,":[201],"obtained":[203],"163":[204],"PTD-related":[205],"for":[208],"further":[209],"analysis.":[210],"Results:":[211],"Our":[212,297],"results":[213],"show":[214],"that:":[215,300],"(1)":[216,301],"not":[226],"prevalent.":[227],"(2)":[228,317],"Design,":[229],"defect,":[230],"documentation,":[231],"requirement,":[232],"test,":[233],"reviews,":[241],"documentation":[246],"dominant.":[250],"(3)":[251],"81.0%":[252],"developers,":[264],"78.0%":[266],"was":[271],"within":[275],"week.":[277],"(4)":[278],"Code":[279],"refactoring":[280],"main":[283],"practice":[284],"used":[285],"resolve":[289,345],"Conclusions:":[296],"findings":[298],"indicate":[299],"review-based":[302],"detection":[303],"seen":[307],"one":[309],"trustworthy":[312],"mechanisms":[313],"development,":[315],"there":[318],"still":[320],"significant":[322],"proportion":[323],"(19.0%)":[326],"remaining":[327],"unresolved":[328],"Practitioners":[335],"researchers":[337],"should":[338],"establish":[339],"effective":[340],"strategies":[341],"manage":[343],"development.":[348]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}