{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4299559948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544792","title":"Efficient and Effective Feature Space Exploration for Testing Deep Learning Systems","display_name":"Efficient and Effective Feature Space Exploration for Testing Deep Learning Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4299559948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047581112","display_name":"Tahereh Zohdinasab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0191-1151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tahereh Zohdinasab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084639710","display_name":"Vincenzo Riccio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-8231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Riccio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077479330","display_name":"Alessio Gambi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-6497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Gambi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025438762","display_name":"Paolo Tonella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3088-0339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Tonella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047581112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2308,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96989945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7881264686584473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5989429950714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5755717158317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5669642090797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5521789193153381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4942939281463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44716086983680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32082441449165344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7881264686584473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5989429950714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5755717158317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5669642090797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5521789193153381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4942939281463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44716086983680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32082441449165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184219092","https://openalex.org/W1483681246","https://openalex.org/W1526710119","https://openalex.org/W1568834902","https://openalex.org/W1602958390","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1756881852","https://openalex.org/W1780343103","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W2013843381","https://openalex.org/W2099746672","https://openalex.org/W2104577574","https://openalex.org/W2109596254","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2119296494","https://openalex.org/W2151083897","https://openalex.org/W2156817734","https://openalex.org/W2159000073","https://openalex.org/W2242274110","https://openalex.org/W2342840547","https://openalex.org/W2484356709","https://openalex.org/W2495601248","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2773446523","https://openalex.org/W2775678306","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2888824816","https://openalex.org/W2922015121","https://openalex.org/W2949576377","https://openalex.org/W2954629067","https://openalex.org/W2957066083","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2968774823","https://openalex.org/W2970226826","https://openalex.org/W2982138961","https://openalex.org/W3000442532","https://openalex.org/W3007157104","https://openalex.org/W3007533873","https://openalex.org/W3087720408","https://openalex.org/W3088864312","https://openalex.org/W3090643686","https://openalex.org/W3099264534","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W3103158293","https://openalex.org/W3150555763","https://openalex.org/W3163879210","https://openalex.org/W3164688203","https://openalex.org/W3176183162","https://openalex.org/W3178701007","https://openalex.org/W3183304837","https://openalex.org/W3200467243","https://openalex.org/W3206349396","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4213412050","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4247200422","https://openalex.org/W4247885319","https://openalex.org/W4254220361","https://openalex.org/W4285417467","https://openalex.org/W4286974373","https://openalex.org/W4308067211","https://openalex.org/W6704559304","https://openalex.org/W6785578829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2977677679","https://openalex.org/W1992327129","https://openalex.org/W1480878783","https://openalex.org/W2381986121","https://openalex.org/W2370918718","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W2256933480","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4286629047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assessing":[0],"the":[1,41,45,51,61,86,96,125,137,140,172,180,185,197],"quality":[2],"of":[3,40,142,153],"Deep":[4],"Learning":[5],"(DL)":[6],"systems":[7,80],"is":[8],"crucial,":[9],"as":[10],"they":[11,34],"are":[12],"increasingly":[13],"adopted":[14],"in":[15,166],"safety-critical":[16],"domains.":[17],"Researchers":[18],"have":[19],"proposed":[20],"several":[21],"input":[22],"generation":[23],"techniques":[24,30],"for":[25,78,118,150,178],"DL":[26,62,79,186],"systems.":[27],"While":[28],"such":[29],"can":[31],"expose":[32],"failures,":[33],"do":[35],"not":[36],"explain":[37],"which":[38],"features":[39],"test":[42,53,76,108],"inputs":[43,87,169],"influenced":[44],"system\u2019s":[46],"(mis-)":[47],"behaviour.":[48],"DeepHyperion":[49,83,143,165],"was":[50,158,176],"first":[52],"generator":[54,77],"to":[55,91,160,183,190],"overcome":[56],"this":[57,69],"limitation":[58],"by":[59,84],"exploring":[60,171],"systems\u2019":[63],"feature":[64,92,155,173,193],"space":[65,93],"at":[66],"large.":[67],"In":[68],"article,":[70],"we":[71],"propose":[72],"DeepHyperion-CS":[73,130,145,175],",":[74],"a":[75,111,115],"that":[81,88,124],"enhances":[82],"promoting":[85],"contributed":[89],"more":[90,148,162,192],"exploration":[94],"during":[95],"previous":[97],"search":[98],"iterations.":[99],"We":[100],"performed":[101],"an":[102],"empirical":[103],"study":[104],"involving":[105],"two":[106],"different":[107],"subjects":[109],"(i.e.,":[110],"digit":[112],"classifier":[113],"and":[114,134,139,157,170],"lane-keeping":[116],"system":[117],"self-driving":[119],"cars).":[120],"Our":[121],"results":[122],"proved":[123],"contribution-based":[126],"guidance":[127],"implemented":[128],"within":[129],"outperforms":[131],"state-of-the-art":[132],"tools":[133],"significantly":[135,147],"improves":[136],"efficiency":[138],"effectiveness":[141],".":[144],"exposed":[146],"misbehaviours":[149],"five":[151],"out":[152],"six":[154],"combinations":[156],"up":[159,189],"65%":[161],"efficient":[163],"than":[164,196],"finding":[167],"misbehaviour-inducing":[168],"space.":[174],"useful":[177],"expanding":[179],"datasets":[181],"used":[182],"train":[184],"systems,":[187],"populating":[188],"200%":[191],"map":[194],"cells":[195],"original":[198],"training":[199],"set.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}