{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366527116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585808","title":"Trust Issues with Trust Scales: Examining the Psychometric Quality of Trust Measures in the Context of AI","display_name":"Trust Issues with Trust Scales: Examining the Psychometric Quality of Trust Measures in the Context of AI","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366527116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544549.3585808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072853760","display_name":"Sebastian A. C. Perrig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-8206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian A. C. Perrig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for General Psychology and Methodology, University of Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-8206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for General Psychology and Methodology, University of Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073186689","display_name":"Nicolas Scharowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-346X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Scharowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for General Psychology and Methodology, University of Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-346X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for General Psychology and Methodology, University of Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080631961","display_name":"Florian Br\u00fchlmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-3273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Br\u00fchlmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for General Psychology and Methodology, University of Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-3273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for General Psychology and Methodology, University of Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distrust","display_name":"Distrust","score":0.9052812457084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6617830395698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.6001615524291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmatory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","score":0.5799720287322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5737483501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.561284065246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5611138343811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","score":0.499096155166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometrics","display_name":"Psychometrics","score":0.4438304007053375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.425158828496933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.33199965953826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3307223320007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology","display_name":"Clinical psychology","score":0.3052121698856354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.19160890579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11627158522605896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778321746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621922","display_name":"Distrust","level":2,"score":0.9052812457084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6617830395698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6001615524291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5799720287322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5737483501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.561284065246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5611138343811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.499096155166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.4438304007053375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.425158828496933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33199965953826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3307223320007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3052121698856354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.19160890579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11627158522605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544549.3585808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E015E-3EC-121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://osf.io/5vgk8/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481828421","https://openalex.org/W1972606905","https://openalex.org/W1981381864","https://openalex.org/W1986911624","https://openalex.org/W2014817805","https://openalex.org/W2026510909","https://openalex.org/W2043867338","https://openalex.org/W2044140042","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2073654928","https://openalex.org/W2092115293","https://openalex.org/W2098800371","https://openalex.org/W2110171129","https://openalex.org/W2118670032","https://openalex.org/W2129501685","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2157169639","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2222174245","https://openalex.org/W2593883017","https://openalex.org/W2942157335","https://openalex.org/W2990299464","https://openalex.org/W3001062618","https://openalex.org/W3016049383","https://openalex.org/W3098349105","https://openalex.org/W3101792976","https://openalex.org/W3134049560","https://openalex.org/W3163411042","https://openalex.org/W4221166362","https://openalex.org/W4225095662","https://openalex.org/W4225105901","https://openalex.org/W4245201739","https://openalex.org/W4248588746","https://openalex.org/W4300508000","https://openalex.org/W4319321305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898496138","https://openalex.org/W2384586913","https://openalex.org/W4254924177","https://openalex.org/W2353508554","https://openalex.org/W2184398632","https://openalex.org/W3135838638","https://openalex.org/W3213051682","https://openalex.org/W564637257","https://openalex.org/W2385721021","https://openalex.org/W4303645065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trust":[0,28,52],"is":[1,11,26],"crucial":[2],"for":[3,54,91,100,131],"human":[4],"interaction":[5],"with":[6],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"(AI)":[9],"and":[10,31,77,86,89,121,123,136,141],"frequently":[12],"measured":[13],"through":[14],"questionnaires":[15],"or":[16],"rating":[17],"scales.":[18],"One":[19],"commonly":[20],"used":[21],"questionnaire":[22],"in":[23,44],"AI":[24,56],"research":[25],"the":[27,45,69,83,101,108,133],"between":[29],"People":[30],"Automation":[32],"scale":[33],"(TPA).":[34],"However,":[35],"its":[36],"psychometric":[37,70,98],"quality":[38,99,111],"has":[39],"yet":[40],"to":[41,81,138],"be":[42],"examined":[43],"context":[46],"of":[47,72],"AI.":[48],"More":[49],"recently,":[50],"a":[51,117],"Scale":[53],"Explainable":[55],"(TXAI)":[57],"was":[58,112],"recommended":[59],"but":[60],"not":[61],"empirically":[62],"evaluated.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"study,":[66],"we":[67],"assessed":[68],"qualities":[71],"both":[73],"scales,":[74],"using":[75,116,132],"confirmatory":[76],"exploratory":[78],"factor":[79],"analyses":[80],"test":[82],"scales\u2019":[84],"validity":[85],"coefficients":[87],"\u03b1":[88],"\u03c9":[90],"reliability":[92],"estimation.":[93],"Our":[94],"results":[95],"suggested":[96],"good":[97],"TXAI":[102],"after":[103,124],"removing":[104,125],"one":[105],"item.":[106],"Concerning":[107],"TPA,":[109],"acceptable":[110],"only":[113],"achieved":[114],"when":[115],"two-factor":[118],"model":[119],"(trust":[120],"distrust)":[122],"two":[126,134],"items.":[127],"We":[128],"provide":[129],"recommendations":[130],"scales":[135],"evidence":[137],"distinguish":[139],"trust":[140],"distrust":[142],"as":[143],"separate":[144],"psychological":[145],"constructs.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}