{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366550219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585790","title":"GazeReader: Detecting Unknown Word Using Webcam for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners","display_name":"GazeReader: Detecting Unknown Word Using Webcam for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366550219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544549.3585790","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585790","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051553551","display_name":"Jiexin Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9599-1586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiexin Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Innovation Exchange, Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9599-1586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Innovation Exchange, Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011002519","display_name":"Bowen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-0675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112710","display_name":"Science Exchange (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01tj7cz72","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Innovation Exchange, University of Washington, United States and Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-0675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Innovation Exchange, University of Washington, United States and Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112710","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042890527","display_name":"Yuqi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8819-4370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112710","display_name":"Science Exchange (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01tj7cz72","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Innovation Exchange, University of Washington, USA and Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8819-4370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Innovation Exchange, University of Washington, USA and Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112710","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100605902","display_name":"Yuntao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-8893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-8893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057896400","display_name":"Yuanchun Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-6927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanchun Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-6927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051553551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.217,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88123581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8556773662567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6430894136428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6054667234420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5877330303192139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5504183173179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4893762469291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4733476936817169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4449726641178131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.43327248096466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.42399245500564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11495545506477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09585773944854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07176166772842407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8556773662567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6430894136428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6054667234420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5877330303192139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5504183173179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4893762469291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4733476936817169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4449726641178131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43327248096466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.42399245500564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11495545506477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09585773944854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07176166772842407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544549.3585790","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585790","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W773929776","https://openalex.org/W1933992051","https://openalex.org/W2023550428","https://openalex.org/W2025012483","https://openalex.org/W2099993990","https://openalex.org/W2124978094","https://openalex.org/W2332759329","https://openalex.org/W2548595117","https://openalex.org/W2593093587","https://openalex.org/W2781528640","https://openalex.org/W2785662861","https://openalex.org/W2898936689","https://openalex.org/W2919558556","https://openalex.org/W2963948415","https://openalex.org/W3097569458","https://openalex.org/W3206425488","https://openalex.org/W4220911641","https://openalex.org/W4225166765","https://openalex.org/W4308222468","https://openalex.org/W4403134917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W4241523039","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W2360028903","https://openalex.org/W4280543773","https://openalex.org/W178231042","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"unknown":[1,26,51,80],"word":[2,27,52],"detection":[3,28,53],"techniques":[4],"can":[5],"enable":[6],"new":[7],"applications":[8],"for":[9,123],"assisting":[10],"English":[11],"as":[12],"a":[13,57,67],"Second":[14],"Language":[15],"(ESL)":[16],"learners,":[17],"thus":[18],"improving":[19],"their":[20],"reading":[21,125],"experiences.":[22],"However,":[23],"most":[24],"modern":[25],"methods":[29],"require":[30],"dedicated":[31],"eye-tracking":[32],"devices":[33],"with":[34],"high":[35],"precision":[36],"that":[37,72,104],"are":[38],"not":[39],"easily":[40],"accessible":[41],"to":[42,77,96],"end-users.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"work,":[46],"we":[47,118],"propose":[48],"GazeReader,":[49],"an":[50],"method":[54,111],"only":[55],"using":[56],"webcam.":[58],"GazeReader":[59],"tracks":[60],"the":[61,74,79,98,105,120,128],"learner\u2019s":[62],"gaze":[63],"and":[64,92,107,114,126],"then":[65],"applies":[66],"transformer-based":[68],"machine":[69],"learning":[70],"model":[71],"encodes":[73],"text":[75],"information":[76],"locate":[78],"word.":[81],"We":[82],"applied":[83],"knowledge":[84],"enhancement":[85],"including":[86],"term":[87],"frequency,":[88],"part":[89],"of":[90,109],"speech,":[91],"named":[93],"entity":[94],"recognition":[95],"improve":[97],"performance.":[99],"The":[100],"user":[101],"study":[102],"indicates":[103],"accuracy":[106],"F1-score":[108],"our":[110],"were":[112],"98.09%":[113],"75.73%,":[115],"respectively.":[116],"Lastly,":[117],"explored":[119],"design":[121],"scope":[122],"ESL":[124],"discussed":[127],"findings.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}