{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366550475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3573870","title":"SpeakFaster Observer: Long-Term Instrumentation of Eye-Gaze Typing for Measuring AAC Communication","display_name":"SpeakFaster Observer: Long-Term Instrumentation of Eye-Gaze Typing for Measuring AAC Communication","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366550475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3573870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544549.3573870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3573870","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069085463","display_name":"Shanqing Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4514-1715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shanqing Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4514-1715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025689655","display_name":"Subhashini Venugopalan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-8456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhashini Venugopalan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-8456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002347902","display_name":"Katrin Tomanek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-7144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katrin Tomanek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-7144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086948505","display_name":"Shaun K. Kane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0276-9417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaun Kane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0276-9417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062285844","display_name":"Meredith Ringel Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meredith Ringel Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-9223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021197217","display_name":"Richard Cave","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6410-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Cave","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6410-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055588368","display_name":"Robert MacDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-6055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Macdonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-6055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064799180","display_name":"Jon Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-5386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-5386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008106014","display_name":"Blair Casey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-4522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157066012","display_name":"Gleason (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bw04561","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blair Casey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Team Gleason Foundation, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-4522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Team Gleason Foundation, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020390906","display_name":"Emily Kornman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-9621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157066012","display_name":"Gleason (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bw04561","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Kornman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Team Gleason Foundation, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-9621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Team Gleason Foundation, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049084480","display_name":"Daniel E Vance","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-1994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157066012","display_name":"Gleason (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bw04561","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel E Vance","raw_affiliation_strings":["Team Gleason Foundation, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-1994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Team Gleason Foundation, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017668388","display_name":"Jay Beavers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2647-9051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157066012","display_name":"Gleason (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bw04561","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Beavers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Team Gleason Foundation, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2647-9051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Team Gleason Foundation, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157066012"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069085463"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3119,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80453631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12207","display_name":"Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7654891014099121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7408474683761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.7228253483772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmentative-and-alternative-communication","display_name":"Augmentative and alternative communication","score":0.6319730281829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5947098731994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5765259265899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utterance","display_name":"Utterance","score":0.5614547729492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.450374960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.2949032187461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2794727087020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.18284693360328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15028280019760132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7654891014099121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7408474683761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.7228253483772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781083","display_name":"Augmentative and alternative communication","level":2,"score":0.6319730281829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5947098731994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5765259265899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.5614547729492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.450374960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2949032187461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2794727087020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.18284693360328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15028280019760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544549.3573870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3573870","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501332874","https://openalex.org/W1554540371","https://openalex.org/W1988869884","https://openalex.org/W2008741806","https://openalex.org/W2010376411","https://openalex.org/W2024330712","https://openalex.org/W2031781307","https://openalex.org/W2050037476","https://openalex.org/W2071436133","https://openalex.org/W2098550303","https://openalex.org/W2099287431","https://openalex.org/W2107287104","https://openalex.org/W2151658586","https://openalex.org/W2159203809","https://openalex.org/W2400993875","https://openalex.org/W2529137305","https://openalex.org/W2556692485","https://openalex.org/W2578844505","https://openalex.org/W2579504323","https://openalex.org/W2602331152","https://openalex.org/W2606613250","https://openalex.org/W2795517964","https://openalex.org/W2889168592","https://openalex.org/W2913841425","https://openalex.org/W3000145882","https://openalex.org/W3009121097","https://openalex.org/W3173402768","https://openalex.org/W4220681721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968552888","https://openalex.org/W2374116601","https://openalex.org/W3093134843","https://openalex.org/W2772323916","https://openalex.org/W1511346092","https://openalex.org/W1527532029","https://openalex.org/W2529301793","https://openalex.org/W3133700904","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accelerating":[0],"communication":[1,17,32,59],"for":[2,12,52,130],"users":[3],"with":[4,65,128],"severe":[5],"motor":[6],"and":[7,15,48,54,75,87,123,164,173,194,208,210,224],"speech":[8,167],"impairments,":[9],"in":[10,217,235],"particular":[11],"eye-gaze-based":[13],"augmentative":[14],"alternative":[16],"(AAC)":[18],"device":[19],"users,":[20],"is":[21],"a":[22,50,85,88,146],"longstanding":[23],"area":[24],"of":[25,29,46,60,111,119,135,149,158,161,182,201,205,214],"research.":[26],"However,":[27],"observation":[28],"such":[30],"users\u2019":[31],"over":[33],"extended":[34],"durations":[35],"has":[36],"been":[37],"limited.":[38],"This":[39],"case":[40],"study":[41],"presents":[42],"the":[43,56,71,91,101,112,117,120,136,170,174,179,183,186,211],"real-world":[44],"experience":[45],"developing":[47],"field-testing":[49],"tool":[51,86],"observing":[53],"curating":[55],"gaze":[57,162,202],"typing-based":[58],"an":[61],"eye-gaze":[62,80],"AAC":[63,113,151,171],"user":[64,172],"amyotrophic":[66],"lateral":[67],"sclerosis":[68],"(ALS).":[69],"With":[70],"intent":[72],"to":[73,78,94,142,232],"observe":[74],"develop":[76],"technology":[77],"accelerate":[79],"typed":[81],"communication,":[82],"we":[83],"designed":[84],"protocol":[89,138],"called":[90],"SpeakFaster":[92],"Observer":[93,121],"measure":[95],"everyday":[96,155],"conversational":[97],"text":[98,152],"entry":[99,153],"by":[100],"gaze-typing":[102],"user,":[103],"as":[104,106],"well":[105],"several":[107],"consenting":[108],"conversation":[109,175,215],"partners":[110],"user.":[114],"We":[115,177,220],"detail":[116],"design":[118],"software":[122],"data":[124,137,229],"curation":[125],"protocol,":[126],"along":[127],"considerations":[129],"privacy":[131],"protection.":[132],"The":[133],"deployment":[134],"from":[139,154,169],"November":[140],"2021":[141],"April":[143],"2022":[144],"yielded":[145],"rich":[147],"dataset":[148],"gaze-based":[150,218],"life,":[156],"consisting":[157],"130+":[159],"hours":[160],"keystrokes":[163],"5,000+":[165],"curated":[166],"utterances":[168],"partners.":[176],"present":[178],"key":[180],"statistics":[181],"data,":[184],"including":[185],"speed":[187],"(8.1":[188],"\u00b1":[189,199],"3.9":[190],"words":[191],"per":[192],"minute)":[193],"keystroke":[195],"saving":[196],"rate":[197],"(-0.14":[198],"0.83)":[200],"typing,":[203],"patterns":[204],"utterance":[206],"repetition":[207],"reuse,":[209],"temporal":[212],"dynamics":[213],"turn-taking":[216],"communication.":[219],"share":[221],"our":[222,228],"findings":[223],"also":[225],"open":[226],"source":[227],"collection":[230],"tools":[231],"further":[233],"research":[234],"this":[236],"domain.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}