{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319323326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581463","title":"Out of Context: Investigating the Bias and Fairness Concerns of \u201cArtificial Intelligence as a Service\u201d","display_name":"Out of Context: Investigating the Bias and Fairness Concerns of \u201cArtificial Intelligence as a Service\u201d","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319323326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544548.3581463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581463","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3544548.3581463","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3544548.3581463","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023452185","display_name":"Kornel Lewicki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-6894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kornel Lewicki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-6894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035772953","display_name":"Michelle Seng Ah Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-2503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Seng Ah Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-2503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043327838","display_name":"Jennifer Cobbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8912-4760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Cobbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8912-4760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082866143","display_name":"Jatinder Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5102-6564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jatinder Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5102-6564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9575999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9391000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5969951748847961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5699489712715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.458924800157547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17737895250320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.06539809703826904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5969951748847961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5699489712715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.458924800157547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17737895250320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.06539809703826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544548.3581463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581463","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3544548.3581463","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.01448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.01448","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.01448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/365436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/365436","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/c7c0f873-265d-41d2-b9c7-7023c0775e04/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3544548.3581463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581463","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3544548.3581463","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3192905506","display_name":"Realising Accountable Intelligent Systems (RAInS)","funder_award_id":"EP/R033501/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4613851226","display_name":"Towards a legally-compliant Internet of Things","funder_award_id":"EP/P024394/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5285592300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R033501/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5377610535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P024394/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6254192505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P024394/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6667912711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P024394/1 and EP/R033501/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8044171200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R033501/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307764","display_name":"Microsoft","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319323326.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319323326.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":143,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559060276","https://openalex.org/W1985995090","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2396394641","https://openalex.org/W2497210133","https://openalex.org/W2514923596","https://openalex.org/W2522104760","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2539696900","https://openalex.org/W2540757487","https://openalex.org/W2569124586","https://openalex.org/W2575439561","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2608595939","https://openalex.org/W2620689287","https://openalex.org/W2621019965","https://openalex.org/W2751465153","https://openalex.org/W2759903677","https://openalex.org/W2760062370","https://openalex.org/W2764072425","https://openalex.org/W2770618123","https://openalex.org/W2783072004","https://openalex.org/W2783687327","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2795743913","https://openalex.org/W2796571581","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2889989236","https://openalex.org/W2896245505","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2897154134","https://openalex.org/W2899570017","https://openalex.org/W2910707576","https://openalex.org/W2912457762","https://openalex.org/W2913615284","https://openalex.org/W2914202940","https://openalex.org/W2947123069","https://openalex.org/W2948917818","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2950888501","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2962059918","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2963349562","https://openalex.org/W2964024268","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2969625533","https://openalex.org/W2971155575","https://openalex.org/W2972072326","https://openalex.org/W2974071289","https://openalex.org/W2974817986","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W2989168403","https://openalex.org/W2994948545","https://openalex.org/W2995482541","https://openalex.org/W2997335426","https://openalex.org/W2997390712","https://openalex.org/W2997686802","https://openalex.org/W3001363766","https://openalex.org/W3001765450","https://openalex.org/W3001807593","https://openalex.org/W3004542466","https://openalex.org/W3004740998","https://openalex.org/W3005136177","https://openalex.org/W3012624518","https://openalex.org/W3013300757","https://openalex.org/W3013532257","https://openalex.org/W3014972121","https://openalex.org/W3016038385","https://openalex.org/W3017620100","https://openalex.org/W3018637816","https://openalex.org/W3029264758","https://openalex.org/W3030081171","https://openalex.org/W3034879135","https://openalex.org/W3036253705","https://openalex.org/W3036401376","https://openalex.org/W3091830387","https://openalex.org/W3095809712","https://openalex.org/W3099361686","https://openalex.org/W3099545035","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3119394424","https://openalex.org/W3121852000","https://openalex.org/W3122096182","https://openalex.org/W3124059580","https://openalex.org/W3127678221","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3133759846","https://openalex.org/W3134210117","https://openalex.org/W3134362900","https://openalex.org/W3134395196","https://openalex.org/W3135474405","https://openalex.org/W3135514117","https://openalex.org/W3152436735","https://openalex.org/W3158479996","https://openalex.org/W3160033795","https://openalex.org/W3160343688","https://openalex.org/W3160887439","https://openalex.org/W3162428030","https://openalex.org/W3162866579","https://openalex.org/W3162922192","https://openalex.org/W3166308075","https://openalex.org/W3167912601","https://openalex.org/W3170411894","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3187057914","https://openalex.org/W3187783743","https://openalex.org/W3190162743","https://openalex.org/W3205290952","https://openalex.org/W3215475614","https://openalex.org/W4206958560","https://openalex.org/W4224992683","https://openalex.org/W4226099958","https://openalex.org/W4232235627","https://openalex.org/W4233995128","https://openalex.org/W4239656662","https://openalex.org/W4251355323","https://openalex.org/W4252915042","https://openalex.org/W4280609065","https://openalex.org/W4283165251","https://openalex.org/W4288083801","https://openalex.org/W4288086169","https://openalex.org/W4288086173","https://openalex.org/W4288101946","https://openalex.org/W4288328891","https://openalex.org/W4288359825","https://openalex.org/W4288586852","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W4289333802","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4295242653","https://openalex.org/W4296978576","https://openalex.org/W4297795193","https://openalex.org/W4301263698","https://openalex.org/W4304195511","https://openalex.org/W4306791367","https://openalex.org/W4308264370","https://openalex.org/W4308784155","https://openalex.org/W4321211943","https://openalex.org/W4401075340"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u201cAI":[0],"as":[1],"a":[2,6,91],"Service\u201d":[3],"(AIaaS)":[4],"is":[5,45,69],"rapidly":[7],"growing":[8],"market,":[9],"offering":[10],"various":[11],"plug-and-play":[12],"AI":[13,38,48,94],"services":[14,95,118],"and":[15,36,53,79,84],"tools.":[16],"AIaaS":[17,87],"enables":[18],"its":[19],"customers":[20],"(users)\u2014who":[21],"may":[22],"lack":[23],"the":[24,64,86,98,104,110,128,143],"expertise,":[25],"data,":[26],"and/or":[27],"resources":[28],"to":[29,77,103,121,138,142],"develop":[30],"their":[31,41],"own":[32],"systems\u2014to":[33],"easily":[34],"build":[35],"integrate":[37],"capabilities":[39],"into":[40],"applications.":[42,132],"Yet,":[43],"it":[44],"known":[46],"that":[47,55,63],"systems":[49],"can":[50,56,119],"encapsulate":[51],"biases":[52,122],"inequalities":[54],"have":[57],"societal":[58],"impact.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"argues":[62],"context-sensitive":[65],"nature":[66],"of":[67,93,100,113,130,145],"fairness":[68],"often":[70],"incompatible":[71],"with":[72],"AIaaS\u2019":[73],"\u2018one-size-fits-all\u2019":[74],"approach,":[75],"leading":[76],"issues":[78],"tensions.":[80],"Specifically,":[81],"we":[82,136],"review":[83],"systematise":[85],"space":[88],"by":[89],"proposing":[90],"taxonomy":[92],"based":[96],"on":[97],"levels":[99],"autonomy":[101],"afforded":[102],"user.":[105],"We":[106],"then":[107],"critically":[108],"examine":[109],"different":[111],"categories":[112],"AIaaS,":[114],"outlining":[115],"how":[116],"these":[117],"lead":[120],"or":[123],"be":[124],"otherwise":[125],"harmful":[126],"in":[127],"context":[129],"end-user":[131],"In":[133],"doing":[134],"so,":[135],"seek":[137],"draw":[139],"research":[140],"attention":[141],"challenges":[144],"this":[146],"emerging":[147],"area.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
