{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319870657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543622.3573177","title":"A Framework for Monte-Carlo Tree Search on CPU-FPGA Heterogeneous Platform via on-chip Dynamic Tree Management","display_name":"A Framework for Monte-Carlo Tree Search on CPU-FPGA Heterogeneous Platform via on-chip Dynamic Tree Management","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319870657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543622.3573177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3543622.3573177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543622.3573177","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3543622.3573177","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3543622.3573177","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050528589","display_name":"Yuan Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6468-8623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6468-8623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042560222","display_name":"Rajgopal Kannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-3012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajgopal Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM US Army Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-3012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM US Army Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033166029","display_name":"Viktor K. Prasanna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viktor Prasanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-8589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8631,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72403894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"235","last_page":"245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8648273944854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6189470887184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5940210223197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5748838186264038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.5632209777832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.4886761009693146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4724041819572449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4472252428531647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-traversal","display_name":"Tree traversal","score":0.4382864534854889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.41029173135757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2913830280303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1850869059562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1085851788520813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8648273944854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6189470887184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5940210223197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5748838186264038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.5632209777832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.4886761009693146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4724041819572449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4472252428531647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.4382864534854889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.41029173135757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2913830280303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1850869059562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1085851788520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3543622.3573177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543622.3573177","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3543622.3573177","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3543622.3573177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543622.3573177","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3543622.3573177","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3757289616","display_name":"CNS Core: Small: AccelRITE: Accelerating ReInforcemenT Learning based  AI at the Edge Using FPGAs","funder_award_id":"2009057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6092014333","display_name":"SPX: Collaborative Research: FASTLEAP: FPGA based compact Deep Learning Platform","funder_award_id":"1919289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337807","display_name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319870657.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319870657.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573483709","https://openalex.org/W2015521828","https://openalex.org/W2044380084","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2138591865","https://openalex.org/W2150738382","https://openalex.org/W2399715892","https://openalex.org/W2793818409","https://openalex.org/W2997699039","https://openalex.org/W3008905965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W170547082","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2356280555","https://openalex.org/W2891987081","https://openalex.org/W2532502681"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monte":[0],"Carlo":[1],"Tree":[2],"Search":[3],"(MCTS)":[4],"is":[5,76],"a":[6,18,47,69,129,141],"widely":[7],"used":[8],"search":[9],"technique":[10],"in":[11,140],"Artificial":[12],"Intelligence":[13],"(AI)":[14],"applications.":[15],"MCTS":[16,54,92,104,186],"manages":[17],"dynamically":[19,90,120],"evolving":[20,91,121],"decision":[21],"tree":[22],"(i.e.,":[23],"one":[24],"whose":[25],"depth":[26],"and":[27,177],"height":[28],"evolve":[29],"at":[30,162],"run-time)":[31],"to":[32,46,84,134,174],"guide":[33],"an":[34,38,103,110],"AI":[35],"agent":[36],"toward":[37],"optimal":[39],"policy.":[40],"In-tree":[41],"operations":[42,118],"are":[43],"memory-bound":[44],"leading":[45],"critical":[48],"performance":[49],"bottleneck":[50,64],"for":[51,72,150],"large-scale":[52],"parallel":[53,131,181,185],"on":[55,119,187],"general-purpose":[56],"processors.":[57],"CPU-FPGA":[58,142],"accelerators":[59,75],"can":[60],"alleviate":[61],"the":[62,77,137,154],"memory":[63,81],"of":[65,79,153,180],"in-tree":[66,117],"operations.":[67],"However,":[68],"major":[70],"challenge":[71,100],"existing":[73],"FPGA":[74],"lack":[78],"dynamic":[80],"management":[82],"due":[83],"which":[85],"they":[86],"cannot":[87],"efficiently":[88],"support":[89],"trees.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95,99],"work,":[96],"we":[97,171],"address":[98],"by":[101,167],"proposing":[102],"acceleration":[105],"framework":[106],"that":[107,115,166],"(1)":[108],"incorporates":[109],"algorithm-hardware":[111],"co-optimized":[112],"accelerator":[113,156],"design":[114],"supports":[116,146],"trees":[122],"without":[123],"expensive":[124],"hardware":[125],"reconfiguration;":[126],"(2)":[127],"adopts":[128],"hybrid":[130],"execution":[132],"model":[133],"fully":[135],"exploit":[136],"compute":[138],"power":[139],"heterogeneous":[143],"system;":[144],"(3)":[145],"Python-based":[147],"programming":[148],"API":[149],"easy":[151],"integration":[152],"proposed":[155],"with":[157],"RL":[158],"domain-specific":[159],"bench-marking":[160],"libraries":[161],"run-time.":[163],"We":[164],"show":[165],"using":[168],"our":[169],"framework,":[170],"achieve":[172],"up":[173],"6.8\u00d7":[175],"speedup":[176],"superior":[178],"scalability":[179],"workers":[182],"than":[183],"state-of-the-art":[184],"multi-core":[188],"systems.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
