{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319653823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543507.3583223","title":"On the Theories Behind Hard Negative Sampling for Recommendation","display_name":"On the Theories Behind Hard Negative Sampling for Recommendation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319653823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543507.3583223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3543507.3583223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543507.3583223","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.03472","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004512962","display_name":"Wentao Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-6880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362815","display_name":"Jiawei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4752-2629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051925942","display_name":"Fuli Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-9842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuli Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077166728","display_name":"Jizhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-465X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jizhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014968681","display_name":"Junkang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6663-926X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junkang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068892996","display_name":"Chongming Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-9196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongming Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038668215","display_name":"Xiangnan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-7992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangnan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004512962"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0676,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97643146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"812","last_page":"822"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5980907678604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5112972259521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.32572412490844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1680227816104889}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5980907678604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5112972259521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32572412490844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1680227816104889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3543507.3583223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3543507.3583223","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.03472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.03472","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.03472","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.03472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.03472","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.03472","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1390618655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972372","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2182495747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2121002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2338760570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102382","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2616091977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SN-ZJU-SIAS-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","funder_display_name":"Zhejiang University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3828173677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62121002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969952163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3104701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319653823.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21006490","https://openalex.org/W1594436241","https://openalex.org/W1976999215","https://openalex.org/W1994642659","https://openalex.org/W2053920233","https://openalex.org/W2078622638","https://openalex.org/W2102035799","https://openalex.org/W2121824931","https://openalex.org/W2140310134","https://openalex.org/W2140676372","https://openalex.org/W2340502990","https://openalex.org/W2562747313","https://openalex.org/W2565948352","https://openalex.org/W2619206542","https://openalex.org/W2640408555","https://openalex.org/W2797402435","https://openalex.org/W2950491307","https://openalex.org/W2963642516","https://openalex.org/W2966799427","https://openalex.org/W2968009374","https://openalex.org/W2996863522","https://openalex.org/W2997352934","https://openalex.org/W2999292182","https://openalex.org/W2999649805","https://openalex.org/W3011669652","https://openalex.org/W3011809564","https://openalex.org/W3012952868","https://openalex.org/W3083784942","https://openalex.org/W3092425680","https://openalex.org/W3101023724","https://openalex.org/W3103801215","https://openalex.org/W3106445281","https://openalex.org/W3146701396","https://openalex.org/W3156859417","https://openalex.org/W3164333934","https://openalex.org/W3171502566","https://openalex.org/W3172322153","https://openalex.org/W3188960136","https://openalex.org/W3216067289","https://openalex.org/W3217581017","https://openalex.org/W4221030716","https://openalex.org/W4224315924","https://openalex.org/W4224322431","https://openalex.org/W4224325005","https://openalex.org/W4226211505","https://openalex.org/W4226394183","https://openalex.org/W4301262870","https://openalex.org/W4310228395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Negative":[0,37,87],"sampling":[1,14,97,155],"has":[2,107],"been":[3,42],"heavily":[4],"used":[5],"to":[6,75,164,166],"train":[7],"recommender":[8],"models":[9],"on":[10,58,66,193],"large-scale":[11],"data,":[12],"wherein":[13],"hard":[15],"examples":[16],"usually":[17],"not":[18,41],"only":[19],"accelerates":[20],"the":[21,26,30,33,50,67,82,126,137,154,173,175,183,185,198],"convergence":[22],"but":[23],"also":[24],"improves":[25],"model":[27],"accuracy.":[28],"Nevertheless,":[29],"reasons":[31],"for":[32,136,148],"effectiveness":[34],"of":[35,129,151],"Hard":[36],"Sampling":[38,88],"(HNS)":[39],"have":[40],"revealed":[43],"yet.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"work,":[47],"we":[48,61,103,143,177,188],"fill":[49],"research":[51],"gap":[52],"by":[53],"conducting":[54],"thorough":[55],"theoretical":[56,127],"analyses":[57,124],"HNS.":[59],"Firstly,":[60],"prove":[62,104],"that":[63,105],"employing":[64],"HNS":[65,130],"Bayesian":[68],"Personalized":[69],"Ranking":[70],"(BPR)":[71],"learner":[72],"is":[73,90,98],"equivalent":[74],"optimizing":[76,132],"One-way":[77],"Partial":[78],"AUC":[79,116],"(OPAUC).":[80],"Concretely,":[81],"BPR":[83],"equipped":[84],"with":[85,95,111,120],"Dynamic":[86],"(DNS)":[89],"an":[91],"exact":[92],"estimator,":[93],"while":[94],"softmax-based":[96],"a":[99,108],"soft":[100],"estimator.":[101],"Secondly,":[102],"OPAUC":[106],"stronger":[109],"connection":[110],"Top-K":[112,133,168,180],"evaluation":[113,181],"metrics":[114,169],"than":[115],"and":[117,170],"verify":[118,197],"it":[119],"simulation":[121],"experiments.":[122],"These":[123],"establish":[125],"foundation":[128],"in":[131,179],"recommendation":[134],"performance":[135],"first":[138],"time.":[139],"On":[140],"these":[141],"bases,":[142],"offer":[144],"two":[145,199],"insightful":[146],"guidelines":[147],"effective":[149],"usage":[150],"HNS:":[152],"1)":[153],"hardness":[156],"should":[157,189],"be":[158],"controllable,":[159],"e.g.,":[160],"via":[161],"pre-defined":[162],"hyper-parameters,":[163],"adapt":[165],"different":[167],"datasets;":[171],"2)":[172],"smaller":[174],"K":[176],"emphasize":[178],"metrics,":[182],"harder":[184],"negative":[186],"samples":[187],"draw.":[190],"Extensive":[191],"experiments":[192],"three":[194],"real-world":[195],"benchmarks":[196],"guidelines.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
