{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308643022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3540250.3549173","title":"On the vulnerability proneness of multilingual code","display_name":"On the vulnerability proneness of multilingual code","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308643022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3540250.3549173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3540250.3549173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3540250.3549173","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3540250.3549173","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608883","display_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3540250.3549173","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320336","display_name":"Wen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7425-9449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106407830","display_name":"Li Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-1614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076081056","display_name":"Haipeng Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100320336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7689,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92415893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"847","last_page":"859"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.806324303150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6055992841720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5314114689826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5209437608718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norm","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","score":0.5155284404754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacing","display_name":"Interfacing","score":0.4429689645767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4409528076648712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-coding","display_name":"Secure coding","score":0.4330434799194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3628080487251282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3277956247329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.24509915709495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2275843620300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.17171859741210938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.806324303150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6055992841720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5314114689826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5209437608718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5155284404754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.4429689645767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4409528076648712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.4330434799194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3628080487251282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3277956247329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.24509915709495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2275843620300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.17171859741210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3540250.3549173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3540250.3549173","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3540250.3549173","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608883","display_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3540250.3549173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3540250.3549173","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3540250.3549173","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608883","display_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308643022.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308643022.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907942343","https://openalex.org/W1914969610","https://openalex.org/W1985280909","https://openalex.org/W2054788588","https://openalex.org/W2058390080","https://openalex.org/W2062532313","https://openalex.org/W2069268700","https://openalex.org/W2084050405","https://openalex.org/W2085051041","https://openalex.org/W2095804328","https://openalex.org/W2103380617","https://openalex.org/W2142958724","https://openalex.org/W2156741031","https://openalex.org/W2167153801","https://openalex.org/W2404987555","https://openalex.org/W2527769014","https://openalex.org/W2606310092","https://openalex.org/W2740329368","https://openalex.org/W2890190663","https://openalex.org/W2911495555","https://openalex.org/W2913200795","https://openalex.org/W2914848344","https://openalex.org/W3014251208","https://openalex.org/W3022599808","https://openalex.org/W3091588759","https://openalex.org/W3096731927","https://openalex.org/W3104656873","https://openalex.org/W3121939465","https://openalex.org/W3122752779","https://openalex.org/W3131012613","https://openalex.org/W3150663209","https://openalex.org/W3162458071","https://openalex.org/W3162927918","https://openalex.org/W3163206498","https://openalex.org/W3177246419","https://openalex.org/W3183469243","https://openalex.org/W3193019423","https://openalex.org/W4206600618","https://openalex.org/W4240420865","https://openalex.org/W4255783720","https://openalex.org/W4308643013","https://openalex.org/W4308643022","https://openalex.org/W4308648324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965180958","https://openalex.org/W2350029007","https://openalex.org/W2136647108","https://openalex.org/W2152662857","https://openalex.org/W2182594080","https://openalex.org/W1973428399","https://openalex.org/W2017757432","https://openalex.org/W2098721272","https://openalex.org/W3200895730","https://openalex.org/W2891427086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"construction":[1,18],"using":[2],"multiple":[3],"languages":[4],"has":[5,19],"long":[6],"been":[7],"a":[8,35],"norm,":[9],"yet":[10],"it":[11],"is":[12,85],"still":[13],"unclear":[14],"if":[15],"multilingual":[16,54,66,129],"code":[17,55,67],"significant":[20,60],"security":[21,25],"implications":[22],"and":[23,44,72,76,115,126],"real":[24],"consequences.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"aims":[29],"to":[30,68,124],"address":[31],"this":[32,83],"question":[33],"with":[34,87,104],"large-scale":[36],"study":[37],"of":[38,65,73,89,96],"popular":[39],"multi-language":[40],"projects":[41],"on":[42,108],"GitHub":[43],"their":[45],"evolution":[46],"histories,":[47],"enabled":[48],"by":[49],"our":[50,101],"novel":[51],"techniques":[52],"for":[53,121,131],"characterization.":[56],"We":[57,80,99],"found":[58,82],"statistically":[59],"associations":[61],"between":[62],"the":[63,90,113],"proneness":[64],"vulnerabilities":[69],"(in":[70],"general":[71],"specific":[74],"categories)":[75],"its":[77],"language":[78,91,116],"selection.":[79,117],"also":[81],"association":[84],"correlated":[86],"that":[88,95],"interfacing":[92],"mechanism,":[93],"not":[94],"individual":[97],"languages.":[98],"validated":[100],"statistical":[102],"findings":[103],"in-depth":[105],"case":[106],"studies":[107],"actual":[109],"vulnerabilities,":[110,130],"explained":[111],"via":[112],"mechanism":[114],"Our":[118],"results":[119],"call":[120],"immediate":[122],"actions":[123],"assess":[125],"defend":[127],"against":[128],"which":[132],"we":[133],"provide":[134],"practical":[135],"recommendations.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
