{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292158706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3538969.3543802","title":"An Internet-Wide View of Connected Cars: Discovery of Exposed Automotive Devices","display_name":"An Internet-Wide View of Connected Cars: Discovery of Exposed Automotive Devices","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292158706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3538969.3543802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3538969.3543802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3538969.3543802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608926","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051112066","display_name":"Takahiro Ueda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9805-5832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Ueda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yokohama National University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yokohama National University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071744763","display_name":"Takayuki Sasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-1346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takayuki Sasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yokohama National University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yokohama National University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028367744","display_name":"Katsunari Yoshioka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-8631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katsunari Yoshioka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yokohama National University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yokohama National University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108109302","display_name":"Tsutomu Matsumoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsutomu Matsumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yokohama National University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yokohama National University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8705,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92563575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.751908540725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telnet","display_name":"Telnet","score":0.6847479939460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6518783569335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6209613084793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5319376587867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4489898681640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3652658462524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3473252058029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/file-transfer-protocol","display_name":"File Transfer Protocol","score":0.14252278208732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13141414523124695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.751908540725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776538122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160470","display_name":"Telnet","level":4,"score":0.6847479939460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6518783569335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6209613084793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5319376587867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4489898681640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3652658462524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3473252058029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169485995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42283","display_name":"File Transfer Protocol","level":3,"score":0.14252278208732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13141414523124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3538969.3543802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3538969.3543802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608926","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321474","display_name":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/007f5s288"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2608113618","https://openalex.org/W2760181345","https://openalex.org/W2801555828","https://openalex.org/W2887037008","https://openalex.org/W3128124346","https://openalex.org/W3209527295","https://openalex.org/W4288057737","https://openalex.org/W6706876442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W646151359","https://openalex.org/W623643430","https://openalex.org/W1915637047","https://openalex.org/W1600982463","https://openalex.org/W1885530093","https://openalex.org/W1500988995","https://openalex.org/W2034936780","https://openalex.org/W2736845523","https://openalex.org/W625983845","https://openalex.org/W2069131781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,22,48,68,97,115,120,126,150,155,162,178,202],"number":[2],"of":[3,36,70,104,125,173,201,205],"connected":[4,40,176],"cars":[5],"increases,":[6],"cyber-attacks":[7],"targeting":[8],"them":[9,174],"become":[10,53],"significant":[11],"risks.":[12],"Especially,":[13],"On-Board":[14],"Equipment":[15],"(OBE)":[16],"that":[17,80,146,169],"is":[18,31],"directly":[19],"accessible":[20],"from":[21,47,161],"Internet":[23,49],"can":[24,43],"be":[25,44],"an":[26,54,82],"immediate":[27],"target.":[28],"However,":[29],"it":[30],"not":[32],"known":[33],"what":[34],"kind":[35],"and":[37,86],"how":[38],"many":[39],"automotive":[41],"devices":[42,103],"remotely":[45],"accessed":[46],"and,":[50],"if":[51],"compromised,":[52],"entry":[55],"point":[56],"for":[57,132],"further":[58],"attacks":[59],"on":[60],"in-vehicle":[61,156,179],"networks.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64,195],"study,":[65],"we":[66,100,144,182],"investigate":[67],"prevalence":[69],"such":[71,135,189],"exposed":[72],"vehicular":[73,207],"devices.":[74,122,208],"We":[75,112,158,193],"propose":[76],"a":[77,87,198],"discovery":[78],"method":[79],"utilizes":[81],"Internet-wide":[83],"scan":[84],"engine":[85,91],"regular":[88],"web":[89],"search":[90],"to":[92,152,154,177],"find":[93],"Internet-facing":[94,206],"OBE.":[95],"Using":[96],"proposed":[98],"method,":[99],"discovered":[101,121],"2,532":[102],"12":[105,127],"different":[106],"OBE":[107],"products":[108,128,148,185],"across":[109],"27":[110],"countries.":[111],"also":[113],"investigated":[114],"potential":[116],"cyber-attack":[117],"risks":[118],"against":[119],"11":[123],"out":[124],"have":[129,149],"security":[130,203],"concerns":[131],"remote":[133],"compromises,":[134],"as":[136,190],"running":[137],"Telnet":[138],"or":[139],"outdated":[140],"server":[141],"programs.":[142],"Moreover,":[143],"found":[145],"nine":[147],"capability":[151],"connect":[153],"network.":[157,180],"could":[159],"confirm":[160],"information":[163,188],"displayed":[164],"in":[165],"their":[166],"user":[167],"interface":[168],"at":[170],"least":[171],"two":[172],"indeed":[175],"Additionally,":[181],"noticed":[183],"three":[184],"expose":[186],"privacy-sensitive":[187],"GPS":[191],"location.":[192],"believe":[194],"result":[196],"provides":[197],"lower":[199],"bound":[200],"risk":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}