{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308222538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556568","title":"RGBDGaze: Gaze Tracking on Smartphones with RGB and Depth Data","display_name":"RGBDGaze: Gaze Tracking on Smartphones with RGB and Depth Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308222538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3536221.3556568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556568","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3536221.3556568","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3536221.3556568","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044514558","display_name":"Riku Arakawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7868-4754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riku Arakawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030011411","display_name":"Mayank Goel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1237-7545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayank Goel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029290807","display_name":"Chris Harrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5312-3619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Harrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010929285","display_name":"Karan Ahuja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-0530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan Ahuja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044514558"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7843,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75096302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"329","last_page":"336"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.88997483253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8014917373657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7221503853797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.700785219669342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.6855546832084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5988484025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.526068389415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5122753977775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5098108649253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.46071749925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4422313868999481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4321731626987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08113858103752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06974002718925476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.88997483253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8014917373657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7221503853797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.700785219669342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.6855546832084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5988484025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.526068389415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5122753977775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5098108649253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.46071749925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4422313868999481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4321731626987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08113858103752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06974002718925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3536221.3556568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556568","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3536221.3556568","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3536221.3556568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556568","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3536221.3556568","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308222538.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308222538.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1551782597","https://openalex.org/W1970145098","https://openalex.org/W1971652879","https://openalex.org/W1986291329","https://openalex.org/W1988798713","https://openalex.org/W1991942785","https://openalex.org/W1995301158","https://openalex.org/W1995694455","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2050517906","https://openalex.org/W2056898157","https://openalex.org/W2087862817","https://openalex.org/W2097087373","https://openalex.org/W2296467065","https://openalex.org/W2306767695","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2509579630","https://openalex.org/W2514808358","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2576625988","https://openalex.org/W2592249290","https://openalex.org/W2598992495","https://openalex.org/W2608474000","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2737029439","https://openalex.org/W2745471877","https://openalex.org/W2756166059","https://openalex.org/W2784086154","https://openalex.org/W2852424125","https://openalex.org/W2888656057","https://openalex.org/W2889118318","https://openalex.org/W2895535699","https://openalex.org/W2904814274","https://openalex.org/W2970993639","https://openalex.org/W2986102820","https://openalex.org/W3031942796","https://openalex.org/W3039785298","https://openalex.org/W3046843528","https://openalex.org/W3086471466","https://openalex.org/W3096147990","https://openalex.org/W3119846396","https://openalex.org/W3162461888","https://openalex.org/W3207040391","https://openalex.org/W4200011677","https://openalex.org/W4210320858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W2807438818","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tracking":[0],"a":[1,20,89,131,155,162],"user\u2019s":[2,114],"gaze":[3,26,58,90,157,182],"on":[4,184],"smartphones":[5,185],"offers":[6],"the":[7,31,52,73,105,113,127,178],"potential":[8],"for":[9,57],"accessible":[10],"and":[11,24,38,82,109,175],"powerful":[12],"multimodal":[13,151],"interactions.":[14],"However,":[15],"phones":[16],"are":[17,35,69],"used":[18,120],"in":[19,45,76,107,142],"myriad":[21],"of":[22,54,96,159,181],"contexts":[23,141],"state-of-the-art":[25],"models":[27],"that":[28,78,93,119,149],"use":[29,95,140,191],"only":[30],"front-facing":[32],"RGB":[33,167],"cameras":[34],"too":[36],"coarse":[37],"do":[39,124],"not":[40,125],"adapt":[41,103],"adequately":[42],"to":[43,64,102,104,112,129],"changes":[44,106],"context.":[46],"While":[47],"prior":[48,117],"research":[49],"has":[50,154],"showcased":[51],"efficacy":[53],"depth":[55,66,99,121],"maps":[56],"tracking,":[59],"they":[60],"have":[61],"been":[62],"limited":[63],"desktop-grade":[65],"cameras,":[67],"which":[68],"more":[70],"capable":[71],"than":[72],"types":[74],"seen":[75],"smartphones,":[77],"must":[79],"be":[80],"thin":[81],"low-powered.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,123],"present":[88],"tracking":[91,183],"system":[92,174],"makes":[94],"today\u2019s":[97],"smartphone":[98],"camera":[100],"technology":[101],"distance":[108],"orientation":[110],"relative":[111],"face.":[115],"Unlike":[116],"efforts":[118],"sensors,":[122],"constrain":[126],"users":[128],"maintain":[130],"fixed":[132],"head":[133],"position.":[134],"Our":[135,173],"approach":[136],"works":[137],"across":[138],"different":[139,190],"unconstrained":[143],"mobile":[144],"settings.":[145],"The":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"our":[150],"ML":[152],"model":[153],"mean":[156],"error":[158],"1.89":[160],"cm;":[161],"16.3%":[163],"improvement":[164],"over":[165],"using":[166,186],"data":[168,188],"alone":[169],"(2.26":[170],"cm":[171],"error).":[172],"dataset":[176],"offer":[177],"first":[179],"benchmark":[180],"RGB+Depth":[187],"under":[189],"contexts.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}