{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281997804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3534856","title":"When Should a Black Box Be Transparent?","display_name":"When Should a Black Box Be Transparent?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281997804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3534856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3534856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3534856","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3534856","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3534856","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086373341","display_name":"George V. Neville-Neil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-2637"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George V. Neville-Neil","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086373341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06625185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"11","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.6247000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.6247000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.5831999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.5773000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.8933180570602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vendor","display_name":"Vendor","score":0.8096280097961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6284832954406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6243986487388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.5775030255317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.5687999129295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5681387782096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5073363184928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4012860953807831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.36177006363868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24331167340278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.23342671990394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.15123453736305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13100790977478027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.05760979652404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.05556941032409668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.8933180570602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.8096280097961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6284832954406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6243986487388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.5775030255317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5687999129295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5681387782096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5073363184928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4012860953807831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36177006363868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24331167340278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.23342671990394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.15123453736305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13100790977478027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.05760979652404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.05556941032409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3534856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3534856","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3534856","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3534856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3534856","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3534856","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281997804.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281997804.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168627904","https://openalex.org/W2515552481","https://openalex.org/W156769215","https://openalex.org/W1570348318","https://openalex.org/W2015444353","https://openalex.org/W3013494979","https://openalex.org/W4308101915","https://openalex.org/W2478661203","https://openalex.org/W2004830053","https://openalex.org/W2102726926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"right":[1],"answer":[2],"in":[3,21,44,103],"these":[4],"cases":[5,93],"is":[6,101],"to":[7,17,49,86],"ask":[8,27],"the":[9,19,29,42,57,64,81,87,91],"vendor":[10],"for":[11,28],"as":[12,15],"much":[13],"information":[14],"possible":[16],"reduce":[18],"risk":[20],"accepting":[22],"this":[23],"so-called":[24],"replacement.":[25],"First,":[26],"test":[30,33],"plans":[31],"and":[32],"output":[34],"so":[35],"you":[36],"can":[37],"understand":[38],"whether":[39],"they":[40,55,61,74],"tested":[41,56,62,79],"component":[43,100],"a":[45,99],"way":[46],"that":[47,83,94],"relates":[48],"your":[50,66,104],"use":[51],"case.":[52],"Just":[53],"because":[54],"thing":[58],"doesn't":[59],"mean":[60],"all":[63],"parts":[65,82],"product":[67],"cares":[68],"about.":[69],"In":[70],"fact,":[71],"it's":[72],"unlikely":[73],"did.":[75],"They":[76],"may":[77],"have":[78],"just":[80],"connect":[84],"back":[85],"API,":[88],"rather":[89],"than":[90],"edge":[92],"would":[95],"come":[96],"up":[97],"when":[98],"changed":[102],"system.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}