{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283160208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533242","title":"What is Proxy Discrimination?","display_name":"What is Proxy Discrimination?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283160208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533242"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3531146.3533242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533242","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3531146.3533242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608463","display_name":"2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3531146.3533242","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088732631","display_name":"Michael Carl Tschantz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-3784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297971548","display_name":"International Computer Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ewh7m12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Carl Tschantz","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Computer Science Institute, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Computer Science Institute, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088732631"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4542,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89388489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1993","last_page":"2003"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9290000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.9080935716629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.7108449935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6101306676864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.17026358842849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15857604146003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.08150982856750488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.9080935716629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.7108449935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6101306676864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17026358842849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15857604146003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.08150982856750488}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3531146.3533242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533242","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3531146.3533242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608463","display_name":"2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3531146.3533242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533242","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3531146.3533242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608463","display_name":"2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2926940343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713059963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5621993214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-0277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5942611854","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1704985","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6399177790","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-0277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283160208.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283160208.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W648207664","https://openalex.org/W1469191350","https://openalex.org/W1515271183","https://openalex.org/W1527744448","https://openalex.org/W1598545828","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W2012357101","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2021067522","https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2064023884","https://openalex.org/W2085953209","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2134564898","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2478641653","https://openalex.org/W2510508396","https://openalex.org/W2522882154","https://openalex.org/W2546836975","https://openalex.org/W2557068510","https://openalex.org/W2739672449","https://openalex.org/W2808309499","https://openalex.org/W2929318754","https://openalex.org/W2949804651","https://openalex.org/W2963104135","https://openalex.org/W2963742154","https://openalex.org/W3124702334","https://openalex.org/W3152436735","https://openalex.org/W3188056366","https://openalex.org/W4247441078","https://openalex.org/W4280540045","https://openalex.org/W4283160208","https://openalex.org/W4287314615","https://openalex.org/W6602922154","https://openalex.org/W6638208828","https://openalex.org/W6887347415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W1595229445","https://openalex.org/W2498744856","https://openalex.org/W4390482104","https://openalex.org/W322408318","https://openalex.org/W149041114","https://openalex.org/W2963177394","https://openalex.org/W1965815883","https://openalex.org/W4313359513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"near":[1],"universal":[2],"condemnation":[3],"of":[4,19,52,56],"proxy":[5,20,22],"discrimination":[6,23],"hides":[7],"a":[8,32,60],"disagreement":[9],"over":[10],"what":[11],"it":[12],"is.":[13],"This":[14],"work":[15,27],"surveys":[16],"various":[17],"notions":[18,36],"and":[21,28,44,50,55],"found":[24],"in":[25,31],"prior":[26],"represents":[29],"them":[30],"common":[33],"framework.":[34],"These":[35],"variously":[37],"turn":[38],"on":[39],"statistical":[40],"dependencies,":[41],"causal":[42],"effects,":[43],"intentions.":[45],"It":[46],"discusses":[47],"the":[48,57],"limitations":[49],"uses":[51],"each":[53],"notation":[54],"concept":[58],"as":[59],"whole.":[61]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
