{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285798540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3529755","title":"On the Explainability of Natural Language Processing Deep Models","display_name":"On the Explainability of Natural Language Processing Deep Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285798540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3529755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3529755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3529755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.06929","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005954815","display_name":"Julia El Zini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7499-8668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98635879","display_name":"American University of Beirut","ror":"https://ror.org/04pznsd21","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98635879"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia El Zini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7499-8668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98635879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008382926","display_name":"Mariette Awad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-6894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98635879","display_name":"American University of Beirut","ror":"https://ror.org/04pznsd21","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98635879"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariette Awad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-6894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98635879"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98635879"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.1834,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99019018,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8876930475234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8805590867996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7720245122909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6573255658149719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6218699216842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.5392346382141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5148066878318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4441927373409271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4343221187591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.417322039604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08084976673126221}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8876930475234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8805590867996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7720245122909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6573255658149719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6218699216842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5392346382141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5148066878318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4441927373409271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4343221187591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.417322039604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08084976673126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3529755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3529755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2210.06929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06929","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.06929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2210.06929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.06929","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.06929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":154,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175897666","https://openalex.org/W810147176","https://openalex.org/W1503259811","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1732154880","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1795234945","https://openalex.org/W1831449718","https://openalex.org/W1915485278","https://openalex.org/W1951216520","https://openalex.org/W1985912981","https://openalex.org/W2105767494","https://openalex.org/W2118463056","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2140610559","https://openalex.org/W2150165932","https://openalex.org/W2153332911","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251491951","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2292919134","https://openalex.org/W2489487449","https://openalex.org/W2497040301","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2517063656","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2549835527","https://openalex.org/W2551814208","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2562979205","https://openalex.org/W2576410866","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2598104261","https://openalex.org/W2605409611","https://openalex.org/W2608239929","https://openalex.org/W2612364175","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2741040846","https://openalex.org/W2755111576","https://openalex.org/W2757667583","https://openalex.org/W2760327630","https://openalex.org/W2769099080","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2809925683","https://openalex.org/W2852714836","https://openalex.org/W2887533108","https://openalex.org/W2888329843","https://openalex.org/W2889436406","https://openalex.org/W2889624842","https://openalex.org/W2890353432","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2908082115","https://openalex.org/W2908854766","https://openalex.org/W2912351236","https://openalex.org/W2926555354","https://openalex.org/W2936032120","https://openalex.org/W2939556020","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2946417913","https://openalex.org/W2948223045","https://openalex.org/W2948947170","https://openalex.org/W2949227999","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2951025380","https://openalex.org/W2951684477","https://openalex.org/W2952768212","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962807820","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2962863107","https://openalex.org/W2962886429","https://openalex.org/W2962904552","https://openalex.org/W2962911926","https://openalex.org/W2962958286","https://openalex.org/W2963020213","https://openalex.org/W2963039693","https://openalex.org/W2963082289","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963101081","https://openalex.org/W2963123635","https://openalex.org/W2963143606","https://openalex.org/W2963224792","https://openalex.org/W2963233086","https://openalex.org/W2963355447","https://openalex.org/W2963365341","https://openalex.org/W2963651521","https://openalex.org/W2963656855","https://openalex.org/W2963715038","https://openalex.org/W2963751529","https://openalex.org/W2963809228","https://openalex.org/W2963847595","https://openalex.org/W2963951265","https://openalex.org/W2963954913","https://openalex.org/W2964027067","https://openalex.org/W2964072618","https://openalex.org/W2964118342","https://openalex.org/W2964142373","https://openalex.org/W2964159778","https://openalex.org/W2970155250","https://openalex.org/W2970476646","https://openalex.org/W2970959491","https://openalex.org/W2971051967","https://openalex.org/W2972324944","https://openalex.org/W2972498556","https://openalex.org/W2972535098","https://openalex.org/W2972548215","https://openalex.org/W2977162702","https://openalex.org/W2978238437","https://openalex.org/W2979949198","https://openalex.org/W2996251235","https://openalex.org/W2998991762","https://openalex.org/W3005600385","https://openalex.org/W3007590609","https://openalex.org/W3012815759","https://openalex.org/W3035281110","https://openalex.org/W3035503910","https://openalex.org/W3035563045","https://openalex.org/W3036453007","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3048585918","https://openalex.org/W3082925502","https://openalex.org/W3090395639","https://openalex.org/W3102659883","https://openalex.org/W3102818708","https://openalex.org/W3116103312","https://openalex.org/W3117696238","https://openalex.org/W3118485687","https://openalex.org/W3152893301","https://openalex.org/W3159434682","https://openalex.org/W3173813266","https://openalex.org/W4206236515","https://openalex.org/W4285674619","https://openalex.org/W4287195293","https://openalex.org/W4287548204","https://openalex.org/W4288103164","https://openalex.org/W4288335579","https://openalex.org/W4288351520","https://openalex.org/W4288366297","https://openalex.org/W4288375898","https://openalex.org/W4288620981","https://openalex.org/W4289704137","https://openalex.org/W4297734170","https://openalex.org/W4297747548","https://openalex.org/W4297801963","https://openalex.org/W4300756893","https://openalex.org/W4303105513","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6771862290","https://openalex.org/W6777449117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W2806259446","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4312407344","https://openalex.org/W2944691285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"their":[1],"success,":[2],"deep":[3,74,92,148],"networks":[4,75],"are":[5,13,40,152,180,192,201],"used":[6],"as":[7,43,222,224],"black-box":[8],"models":[9,35,70,93,136,149,239,244,278],"with":[10],"outputs":[11],"that":[12,57,94,129,219],"not":[14],"easily":[15],"explainable":[16],"during":[17],"the":[18,21,31,44,64,107,116,124,132,135,138,141,144,164,209,258,290,297,306,324],"learning":[19,69],"and":[20,46,62,73,98,137,167,195,199,254,281,314],"prediction":[22],"phases.":[23],"This":[24],"lack":[25,117],"of":[26,33,67,84,118,126,134,140,143,147,276],"interpretability":[27,294],"is":[28],"significantly":[29],"limiting":[30],"adoption":[32],"such":[34,42,178],"in":[36,54,71,121,185,208,214,245,296,311,323],"domains":[37],"where":[38,189],"decisions":[39,61,284],"critical":[41],"medical":[45],"legal":[47],"fields.":[48],"Recently,":[49],"researchers":[50],"have":[51,159],"been":[52,80,160],"interested":[53],"developing":[55],"methods":[56,158,179,207,227,232,259,295],"help":[58],"explain":[59],"individual":[60],"decipher":[63],"hidden":[65],"representations":[66],"machine":[68,309],"general":[72],"specifically.":[76],"While":[77],"there":[78],"has":[79],"a":[81,186,217,246,303],"recent":[82],"explosion":[83],"work":[85,216],"on":[86,91,96,154,171,228,242,305],"Explainable":[87],"Artificial":[88],"Intelligence":[89],"(ExAI)":[90],"operate":[95,241],"imagery":[97],"tabular":[99],"data,":[100,123],"textual":[101,122,155],"datasets":[102],"present":[103,168,213,302],"new":[104],"challenges":[105,111,166,191],"to":[106,115,131,162,182,204,264],"ExAI":[108,206,322],"community.":[109],"Such":[110,231],"can":[112,233],"be":[113,183],"attributed":[114],"input":[119],"structure":[120],"use":[125],"word":[127,269],"embeddings":[128,270],"add":[130],"opacity":[133],"difficulty":[139],"visualization":[142],"inner":[145,274],"workings":[146,275],"when":[150],"they":[151,266],"trained":[153],"data.":[156],"Lately,":[157],"developed":[161],"address":[163],"aforementioned":[165],"satisfactory":[169],"explanations":[170],"Natural":[172],"Language":[173],"Processing":[174],"(NLP)":[175],"models.":[176,230],"However,":[177],"yet":[181],"studied":[184],"comprehensive":[187],"framework":[188],"common":[190],"properly":[193],"stated":[194],"rigorous":[196],"evaluation":[197,292],"practices":[198],"metrics":[200],"proposed.":[202],"Motivated":[203],"democratize":[205],"NLP":[210,229,238,277,298,325],"field,":[211],"we":[212,255,301,315],"this":[215,252],"survey":[218],"studies":[220],"model-agnostic":[221],"well":[223],"model-specific":[225],"explainability":[226],"either":[234],"develop":[235],"inherently":[236],"interpretable":[237],"or":[240],"pre-trained":[243],"post":[247],"hoc":[248],"manner.":[249],"We":[250,287],"make":[251],"distinction":[253],"further":[256],"decompose":[257],"into":[260],"three":[261],"categories":[262],"according":[263],"what":[265],"explain:":[267],"(1)":[268],"(input":[271],"level),":[272,280],"(2)":[273],"(processing":[279],"(3)":[282],"models\u2019":[283],"(output":[285],"level).":[286],"also":[288],"detail":[289],"different":[291],"approaches":[293],"field.":[299,326],"Finally,":[300],"case-study":[304],"well-known":[307],"neural":[308],"translation":[310],"an":[312],"appendix,":[313],"propose":[316],"promising":[317],"future":[318],"research":[319],"directions":[320],"for":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
