{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220922534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3527153","title":"A Survey on Voice Assistant Security: Attacks and Countermeasures","display_name":"A Survey on Voice Assistant Security: Attacks and Countermeasures","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220922534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3527153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3527153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3527153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101820345","display_name":"Chen Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-5263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-5263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017116027","display_name":"Xiaoyu Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-0007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-0007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017011703","display_name":"K. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-3286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-3286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026288630","display_name":"Qinhong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-9005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinhong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-9005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038115411","display_name":"Zizhi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-456X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zizhi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-456X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060351020","display_name":"Wenyuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5043-9148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5043-9148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3435,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98114039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8227683901786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7080471515655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6803767085075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6368755102157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.4754602313041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4134170413017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.40954825282096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3951738476753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07409587502479553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8227683901786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7080471515655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6803767085075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6368755102157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.4754602313041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4134170413017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40954825282096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3951738476753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07409587502479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3527153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3527153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":192,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W761025340","https://openalex.org/W1490120479","https://openalex.org/W1497681771","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1538023239","https://openalex.org/W1553469512","https://openalex.org/W1600744878","https://openalex.org/W1604510059","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1968689546","https://openalex.org/W1980581462","https://openalex.org/W1994216910","https://openalex.org/W2007023536","https://openalex.org/W2022217943","https://openalex.org/W2062703747","https://openalex.org/W2069883713","https://openalex.org/W2087119585","https://openalex.org/W2111284386","https://openalex.org/W2112606109","https://openalex.org/W2114376863","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W2129142580","https://openalex.org/W2148519244","https://openalex.org/W2151370481","https://openalex.org/W2154278880","https://openalex.org/W2168254078","https://openalex.org/W2177156214","https://openalex.org/W2190237714","https://openalex.org/W2207618852","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2293407848","https://openalex.org/W2405506115","https://openalex.org/W2406262283","https://openalex.org/W2408141691","https://openalex.org/W2477060772","https://openalex.org/W2507771204","https://openalex.org/W2518172956","https://openalex.org/W2519091744","https://openalex.org/W2536166232","https://openalex.org/W2575585029","https://openalex.org/W2576309025","https://openalex.org/W2600556233","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2640329709","https://openalex.org/W2735454016","https://openalex.org/W2745424183","https://openalex.org/W2747182415","https://openalex.org/W2751684861","https://openalex.org/W2753883666","https://openalex.org/W2757511491","https://openalex.org/W2764243145","https://openalex.org/W2765636281","https://openalex.org/W2766001563","https://openalex.org/W2781152419","https://openalex.org/W2785258965","https://openalex.org/W2791178280","https://openalex.org/W2791616807","https://openalex.org/W2795031232","https://openalex.org/W2806982421","https://openalex.org/W2807513246","https://openalex.org/W2809536883","https://openalex.org/W2888980597","https://openalex.org/W2889226568","https://openalex.org/W2889910486","https://openalex.org/W2892852825","https://openalex.org/W2897802265","https://openalex.org/W2898435086","https://openalex.org/W2901887177","https://openalex.org/W2904795317","https://openalex.org/W2906211136","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W2915004960","https://openalex.org/W2916032017","https://openalex.org/W2920790154","https://openalex.org/W2921203933","https://openalex.org/W2921394285","https://openalex.org/W2923400712","https://openalex.org/W2933426098","https://openalex.org/W2936802426","https://openalex.org/W2938583109","https://openalex.org/W2941750187","https://openalex.org/W2943285490","https://openalex.org/W2943984343","https://openalex.org/W2947292651","https://openalex.org/W2951057473","https://openalex.org/W2954420970","https://openalex.org/W2959757889","https://openalex.org/W2962583216","https://openalex.org/W2962747881","https://openalex.org/W2963058500","https://openalex.org/W2963077926","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963844355","https://openalex.org/W2963917611","https://openalex.org/W2963971656","https://openalex.org/W2964301649","https://openalex.org/W2965116050","https://openalex.org/W2966367171","https://openalex.org/W2966764754","https://openalex.org/W2969249185","https://openalex.org/W2969908034","https://openalex.org/W2972289934","https://openalex.org/W2972532204","https://openalex.org/W2972908178","https://openalex.org/W2972995334","https://openalex.org/W2973057252","https://openalex.org/W2973158730","https://openalex.org/W2973252307","https://openalex.org/W2975414524","https://openalex.org/W2979693763","https://openalex.org/W2979711137","https://openalex.org/W2979717817","https://openalex.org/W2984968650","https://openalex.org/W2984998244","https://openalex.org/W2985489290","https://openalex.org/W2986308459","https://openalex.org/W2990594762","https://openalex.org/W2994613944","https://openalex.org/W2995725390","https://openalex.org/W2996286887","https://openalex.org/W2996463502","https://openalex.org/W2999756497","https://openalex.org/W3003285580","https://openalex.org/W3005939920","https://openalex.org/W3006808893","https://openalex.org/W3006816054","https://openalex.org/W3007059209","https://openalex.org/W3007679772","https://openalex.org/W3007913795","https://openalex.org/W3009032942","https://openalex.org/W3011619420","https://openalex.org/W3012093053","https://openalex.org/W3012726906","https://openalex.org/W3012861283","https://openalex.org/W3013292431","https://openalex.org/W3015241525","https://openalex.org/W3015811740","https://openalex.org/W3015958938","https://openalex.org/W3016022122","https://openalex.org/W3016098132","https://openalex.org/W3016518327","https://openalex.org/W3026230478","https://openalex.org/W3028984135","https://openalex.org/W3031806488","https://openalex.org/W3032696707","https://openalex.org/W3035501253","https://openalex.org/W3035729089","https://openalex.org/W3040148743","https://openalex.org/W3045156829","https://openalex.org/W3047561893","https://openalex.org/W3081618117","https://openalex.org/W3082177974","https://openalex.org/W3084424094","https://openalex.org/W3088377098","https://openalex.org/W3091896612","https://openalex.org/W3093004624","https://openalex.org/W3093499720","https://openalex.org/W3093904722","https://openalex.org/W3093979537","https://openalex.org/W3094114204","https://openalex.org/W3095259706","https://openalex.org/W3095570773","https://openalex.org/W3096366160","https://openalex.org/W3097794099","https://openalex.org/W3102279777","https://openalex.org/W3105920175","https://openalex.org/W3109009614","https://openalex.org/W3109668151","https://openalex.org/W3131790404","https://openalex.org/W3138076532","https://openalex.org/W3211832054","https://openalex.org/W3212666643","https://openalex.org/W4243070457","https://openalex.org/W4286761153","https://openalex.org/W4287595288","https://openalex.org/W4287705057","https://openalex.org/W4287775856","https://openalex.org/W4287901569","https://openalex.org/W4288029451","https://openalex.org/W4288093376","https://openalex.org/W4293580221","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4297814571","https://openalex.org/W4300824008","https://openalex.org/W4301465005","https://openalex.org/W4302765731","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6764089365","https://openalex.org/W6766697149","https://openalex.org/W6773334455","https://openalex.org/W6782223658","https://openalex.org/W7024923742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2370459448","https://openalex.org/W2105067402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Voice":[0],"assistants":[1,23,173],"(VA)":[2],"have":[3],"become":[4],"prevalent":[5],"on":[6,124,140],"a":[7,30,39,43,62,89,102,129,145],"wide":[8],"range":[9],"of":[10,92,105,148],"personal":[11],"devices":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"smartphones":[15],"and":[16,47,54,74,95,116,119,156,158,174],"smart":[17],"speakers.":[18],"As":[19],"companies":[20],"build":[21,168],"voice":[22,31,80,98,172],"with":[24],"extra":[25],"functionalities,":[26],"attacks":[27,53,94,110],"that":[28],"trick":[29],"assistant":[32],"into":[33,171],"performing":[34],"malicious":[35],"behaviors":[36],"can":[37,166],"pose":[38],"significant":[40],"threat":[41],"to":[42,70],"user\u2019s":[44],"security,":[45],"privacy,":[46],"even":[48],"safety.":[49],"However,":[50],"the":[51,58,76,93,112,125,152],"diverse":[52],"stand-alone":[55],"defenses":[56],"in":[57,136,177],"literature":[59],"often":[60],"lack":[61],"systematic":[63],"perspective,":[64],"making":[65],"it":[66],"challenging":[67],"for":[68,97],"designers":[69,135],"properly":[71],"identify,":[72],"understand,":[73],"mitigate":[75],"security":[77,157],"threats":[78],"against":[79],"assistants.":[81,99],"To":[82,133],"overcome":[83],"this":[84,86,164,178],"problem,":[85],"article":[87],"provides":[88],"thorough":[90],"survey":[91],"countermeasures":[96,122,150],"We":[100,162],"systematize":[101],"broad":[103],"category":[104],"relevant":[106],"but":[107],"seemingly":[108],"unrelated":[109],"by":[111,151],"vulnerable":[113],"system":[114,130],"components":[115],"attack":[117],"methods,":[118],"categorize":[120],"existing":[121,149],"based":[123,139],"defensive":[126],"strategies":[127],"from":[128],"designer\u2019s":[131],"perspective.":[132],"assist":[134],"planning":[137],"defense":[138],"their":[141],"demands,":[142],"we":[143],"provide":[144],"qualitative":[146],"comparison":[147],"implementation":[153],"cost,":[154],"usability,":[155],"propose":[159],"practical":[160],"suggestions.":[161],"envision":[163],"work":[165],"help":[167],"more":[169],"reliability":[170],"promote":[175],"research":[176],"fast-evolving":[179],"area.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-05T07:55:05.734416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}