{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310562987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524842.3528448","title":"Do small code changes merge faster?","display_name":"Do small code changes merge faster?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310562987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524842.3528448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3524842.3528448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524842.3528448","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524842.3528448","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524842.3528448","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068883444","display_name":"Gunnar Kudrjavets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3730-4692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gunnar Kudrjavets","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101612061","display_name":"Nachiappan Nagappan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-4124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092558","display_name":"BC Platforms (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/002fen565","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092558"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nachiappan Nagappan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092558","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076279316","display_name":"Ayushi Rastogi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0939-6887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayushi Rastogi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068883444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.51996444,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84262675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"537","last_page":"548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.800247073173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6923779845237732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.5596854090690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4793206453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.433257520198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.40232905745506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.20118597149848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.19018876552581787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.800247073173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6923779845237732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5596854090690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4793206453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.433257520198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40232905745506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.20118597149848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.19018876552581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3524842.3528448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524842.3528448","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524842.3528448","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/fff43cd2-ebb8-47b9-a333-0a065a735df5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/fff43cd2-ebb8-47b9-a333-0a065a735df5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kudrjavets, G, Nachiappan Nagappan & Rastogi, A 2022, Do Small Code Changes Merge Faster? A Multi-Language Empirical Investigation. in 2022 IEEE/ACM 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR). IEEE, pp. 537-548, 2022 IEEE/ACM 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR), Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 23/05/2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3524842.3528448","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3524842.3528448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524842.3528448","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524842.3528448","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310562987.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310562987.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518586892","https://openalex.org/W1596515083","https://openalex.org/W1914969610","https://openalex.org/W1970589113","https://openalex.org/W1972091638","https://openalex.org/W1972386298","https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W1982335236","https://openalex.org/W2006192515","https://openalex.org/W2007210734","https://openalex.org/W2008946935","https://openalex.org/W2014538668","https://openalex.org/W2021181666","https://openalex.org/W2041282815","https://openalex.org/W2047329787","https://openalex.org/W2048957655","https://openalex.org/W2055777130","https://openalex.org/W2061554433","https://openalex.org/W2078483536","https://openalex.org/W2107564263","https://openalex.org/W2120703352","https://openalex.org/W2125854594","https://openalex.org/W2139092060","https://openalex.org/W2141168725","https://openalex.org/W2147122181","https://openalex.org/W2148854374","https://openalex.org/W2150198410","https://openalex.org/W2168248828","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2168775768","https://openalex.org/W2347053969","https://openalex.org/W2348249338","https://openalex.org/W2398739291","https://openalex.org/W2406372219","https://openalex.org/W2440056063","https://openalex.org/W2499134242","https://openalex.org/W2527769014","https://openalex.org/W2547088439","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2624637914","https://openalex.org/W2624930143","https://openalex.org/W2768067395","https://openalex.org/W2775237415","https://openalex.org/W2793350103","https://openalex.org/W2807825607","https://openalex.org/W2808429234","https://openalex.org/W2810873311","https://openalex.org/W2886368623","https://openalex.org/W2899099075","https://openalex.org/W2899274966","https://openalex.org/W3040004383","https://openalex.org/W3101068774","https://openalex.org/W3102273185","https://openalex.org/W3117182847","https://openalex.org/W4211009159","https://openalex.org/W4231404931","https://openalex.org/W4235354960","https://openalex.org/W4235786747","https://openalex.org/W4251460506","https://openalex.org/W4294235476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W3022067003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"velocity,":[1],"or":[2,174],"the":[3,41,61,76,165,179,196],"speed":[4],"with":[5,97],"which":[6],"code":[7,30,36,49,55,80,147,193,218,226],"changes":[8,219],"are":[9,38],"integrated":[10],"into":[11],"a":[12,16,98,101,211],"production":[13],"environment,":[14],"plays":[15],"crucial":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,204],"Continuous":[20,23],"Integration":[21],"and":[22,87,93,109,136,156,190],"Deployment.":[24],"Many":[25],"studies":[26],"report":[27],"factors":[28,167],"influencing":[29],"velocity.":[31,148,227],"However,":[32],"solutions":[33],"to":[34,44,71,138,142,145,161,224],"increase":[35,225],"velocity":[37,56,81],"unclear.":[39],"Meanwhile,":[40],"industry":[42],"continues":[43],"issue":[45],"guidelines":[46],"on":[47,123],"\u201cideal\u201d":[48],"change":[50],"size,":[51,134],"believing":[52],"it":[53],"increases":[54],"despite":[57],"lacking":[58],"evidence":[59],"validating":[60],"practice.":[62],"Surprisingly,":[63],"this":[64],"fundamental":[65],"question":[66],"has":[67],"not":[68,159,221],"been":[69],"studied":[70],"date.":[72],"This":[73,200],"study":[74,150],"investigates":[75],"practicality":[77],"of":[78,90,129,164,198],"improving":[79],"by":[82,133,214],"optimizing":[83],"pull":[84,106,131,153,171],"request":[85,107,154,172,183],"size":[86,108,155,173],"composition":[88,157,175],"(ratio":[89],"insertions,":[91],"deletions,":[92],"modifications).":[94],"We":[95,111,125],"start":[96],"hypothesis":[99],"that":[100,152,168,216],"moderate":[102],"correlation":[103],"exists":[104],"between":[105],"time-to-merge.":[110,162],"selected":[112],"100":[113],"most":[114],"popular,":[115],"actively":[116],"developed":[117],"projects":[118],"from":[119,185],"10":[120],"programming":[121,177],"languages":[122],"GitHub.":[124],"analyzed":[126],"our":[127],"dataset":[128],"845,316":[130],"requests":[132],"composition,":[135],"context":[137],"explore":[139],"its":[140],"relationship":[141],"time-to-merge\u2013a":[143],"proxy":[144],"measure":[146],"Our":[149],"shows":[151],"do":[158,220],"relate":[160],"Regardless":[163],"contextual":[166],"can":[169],"influence":[170],"(e.g.,":[176],"language),":[178],"observation":[180],"holds.":[181],"Pull":[182],"data":[184],"two":[186],"other":[187],"platforms:":[188],"Gerrit":[189],"Phabricator":[191],"(401,790":[192],"reviews)":[194],"confirms":[195],"lack":[197],"relationship.":[199],"negative":[201],"result":[202],"as":[203],"\u201c\u2026eliminate":[205],"useless":[206],"hypotheses":[207],"\u2026\u201d":[208],"[75]":[209],"challenges":[210],"widespread":[212],"belief":[213],"showing":[215],"small":[217],"merge":[222],"faster":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-12-12T00:00:00"}