{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312414609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524610.3527890","title":"Estimating developers' cognitive load at a fine-grained level using eye-tracking measures","display_name":"Estimating developers' cognitive load at a fine-grained level using eye-tracking measures","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312414609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524610.3527890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3524610.3527890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524610.3527890","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524610.3527890","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524610.3527890","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002480110","display_name":"Amine Abbad Andaloussi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-7849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amine Abbad-Andaloussi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St. Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St. Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010836528","display_name":"Thierry Sorg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3990-6470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thierry Sorg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St. Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St. Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048568271","display_name":"Barbara Weber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-4860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Weber","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St. Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St. Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7785,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97191551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"111","last_page":"121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8009648323059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.7235561609268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.5932294130325317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.593005895614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5595439076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5141973495483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.48567259311676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.4850956201553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4738472104072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4602791965007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.45389461517333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.44724738597869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.44328999519348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4020513892173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.38926830887794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35074687004089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24298471212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.17666783928871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.12765559554100037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8009648323059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.7235561609268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.5932294130325317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.593005895614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5595439076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5141973495483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.48567259311676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4850956201553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4738472104072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4602791965007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.45389461517333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.44724738597869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.44328999519348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4020513892173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.38926830887794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35074687004089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24298471212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.17666783928871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.12765559554100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3524610.3527890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524610.3527890","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524610.3527890","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.alexandria.unisg.ch:268417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400650","display_name":"Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210158813","host_organization_name":"St.Gallen University of Teacher Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158813"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3524610.3527890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3524610.3527890","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3524610.3527890","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Program Comprehension","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6117826036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1031574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311363","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e4t St. Gallen"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311363","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t St. Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312414609.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312414609.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102110531","https://openalex.org/W242826328","https://openalex.org/W750932891","https://openalex.org/W1973204205","https://openalex.org/W1999331443","https://openalex.org/W2023477754","https://openalex.org/W2065073464","https://openalex.org/W2067318811","https://openalex.org/W2100505193","https://openalex.org/W2117901114","https://openalex.org/W2130509252","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2324156403","https://openalex.org/W2362779523","https://openalex.org/W2741643261","https://openalex.org/W2771584655","https://openalex.org/W2783732587","https://openalex.org/W2791944851","https://openalex.org/W2807534653","https://openalex.org/W2955991816","https://openalex.org/W2968611851","https://openalex.org/W2971349717","https://openalex.org/W3006500354","https://openalex.org/W3009191958","https://openalex.org/W3042095192","https://openalex.org/W3103699767","https://openalex.org/W3129617007","https://openalex.org/W3147167284","https://openalex.org/W3161285349","https://openalex.org/W3208747576","https://openalex.org/W4229772528","https://openalex.org/W4243367342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122804569","https://openalex.org/W2031043538","https://openalex.org/W2240979497","https://openalex.org/W2025599150","https://openalex.org/W4396224778","https://openalex.org/W2529275262","https://openalex.org/W3104152981","https://openalex.org/W2598318421","https://openalex.org/W4241100723","https://openalex.org/W2158202016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,166],"comprehension":[1,210],"of":[2,22,31,46,79,89,102,120,154,164,168,192,200,211,227],"source":[3,33,104,148,212,232],"code":[4,16,105,149,233,242],"is":[5,37],"a":[6,77,95,107,130,152,197],"task":[7,97],"inherent":[8],"to":[9,61,81,114,158,179,220],"many":[10],"software":[11],"development":[12],"activities.":[13],"Code":[14],"change,":[15],"review":[17,243],"and":[18,56,67,140,150,175,183,203,234,244],"debugging":[19],"are":[20,145],"examples":[21],"these":[23],"activities":[24],"that":[25],"depend":[26],"heavily":[27],"on":[28,134],"developers'":[29,40,83],"understanding":[30,55],"the":[32,44,87,90,100,103,116,160,188,206,209,218,225,231,236],"code.":[34,165,193,213],"This":[35],"ability":[36],"threatened":[38],"when":[39,186],"cognitive":[41,84,201],"load":[42,202],"approaches":[43,92],"limits":[45],"their":[47,54,70],"working":[48],"memory,":[49],"which":[50],"in":[51,69,76,126],"turn":[52],"affects":[53],"makes":[57],"them":[58],"more":[59],"prone":[60],"errors.":[62],"Measures":[63],"capturing":[64],"humans'":[65],"behavior":[66],"changes":[68],"physiological":[71,141],"state":[72],"have":[73],"been":[74],"proposed":[75],"number":[78],"studies":[80],"investigate":[82],"load.":[85],"However,":[86],"majority":[88],"existing":[91],"operate":[93],"at":[94],"coarse-grained":[96],"level":[98],"estimating":[99,187],"difficulty":[101],"as":[106],"whole.":[108],"Hence,":[109],"they":[110,144],"cannot":[111],"be":[112],"used":[113],"pinpoint":[115],"mentally":[117,161],"demanding":[118,162,190],"parts":[119,163,207,229],"it.":[121],"We":[122,136],"address":[123],"this":[124,127],"limitation":[125],"paper":[128],"through":[129],"non-intrusive":[131],"approach":[132,195,216],"based":[133],"eye-tracking.":[135],"collect":[137],"users'":[138],"behavioral":[139],"features":[142],"while":[143],"engaging":[146],"with":[147],"train":[151],"set":[153],"machine":[155],"learning":[156],"models":[157,170],"estimate":[159],"evaluation":[167],"our":[169],"returns":[171],"F1,":[172],"recall,":[173],"accuracy":[174],"precision":[176],"scores":[177],"up":[178],"85.65%,":[180],"84.25%,":[181],"86.24%":[182],"88.61%,":[184],"respectively,":[185],"mental":[189],"fragments":[191],"Our":[194],"enables":[196],"fine-grained":[198],"analysis":[199],"allows":[204],"identifying":[205],"challenging":[208],"Such":[214],"an":[215],"provides":[217],"means":[219],"test":[221],"new":[222],"hypotheses":[223],"addressing":[224],"characteristics":[226],"specific":[228],"within":[230],"paves":[235],"road":[237],"for":[238,241],"novel":[239],"techniques":[240],"adaptive":[245],"e-learning.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}