{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296591867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3523227.3546767","title":"Recommendation as Language Processing (RLP): A Unified Pretrain, Personalized Prompt &amp; Predict Paradigm (P5)","display_name":"Recommendation as Language Processing (RLP): A Unified Pretrain, Personalized Prompt &amp; Predict Paradigm (P5)","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296591867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3523227.3546767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3523227.3546767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3523227.3546767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080973846","display_name":"Shijie Geng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600807","display_name":"Shuchang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1440-911X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuchang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017387871","display_name":"Zuohui Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3881-7935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuohui Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020526977","display_name":"Yingqiang Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3736-2377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingqiang Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Rutgers University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Rutgers University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329828","display_name":"Yongfeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-8555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080973846"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":115.4942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":405,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99985487,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"299","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8658194541931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.6383036971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.6312276124954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6073893904685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5624083876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.5366726517677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4851454198360443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4842659831047058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.464047372341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.4231467843055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3971789479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3943893313407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3899124264717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3827629089355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1650618612766266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8658194541931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.6383036971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.6312276124954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6073893904685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5624083876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.5366726517677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4851454198360443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4842659831047058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.464047372341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.4231467843055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3971789479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3943893313407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3899124264717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3827629089355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1650618612766266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3523227.3546767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3523227.3546767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001892351","https://openalex.org/W2026844232","https://openalex.org/W2042281163","https://openalex.org/W2054141820","https://openalex.org/W2076618162","https://openalex.org/W2102982709","https://openalex.org/W2117420919","https://openalex.org/W2152184085","https://openalex.org/W2155106456","https://openalex.org/W2158515176","https://openalex.org/W2295739661","https://openalex.org/W2349436533","https://openalex.org/W2475334473","https://openalex.org/W2575006718","https://openalex.org/W2604662567","https://openalex.org/W2739992143","https://openalex.org/W2740167620","https://openalex.org/W2740605635","https://openalex.org/W2767724106","https://openalex.org/W2783272285","https://openalex.org/W2798435682","https://openalex.org/W2898076813","https://openalex.org/W2905461678","https://openalex.org/W2950275995","https://openalex.org/W2951645301","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963367478","https://openalex.org/W2964983698","https://openalex.org/W2966483207","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2984100107","https://openalex.org/W3014901735","https://openalex.org/W3024683329","https://openalex.org/W3065542300","https://openalex.org/W3094497946","https://openalex.org/W3100260481","https://openalex.org/W3100452485","https://openalex.org/W3101366597","https://openalex.org/W3153088333","https://openalex.org/W3156470785","https://openalex.org/W3166846774","https://openalex.org/W3175536494","https://openalex.org/W3179436402","https://openalex.org/W3195311662","https://openalex.org/W3200664681","https://openalex.org/W3209428314","https://openalex.org/W3210519732","https://openalex.org/W3211272715","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4213052788","https://openalex.org/W4288089799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392768766","https://openalex.org/W2058118494","https://openalex.org/W2095118173","https://openalex.org/W2382021449","https://openalex.org/W2104269053","https://openalex.org/W2106424170","https://openalex.org/W2501188010","https://openalex.org/W4299935056","https://openalex.org/W2768810474","https://openalex.org/W4366999490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"a":[1,15,56,67,89,110,208],"long":[2],"time,":[3],"different":[4,136,199],"recommendation":[5,38,86,156,192],"tasks":[6,87,137],"require":[7],"designing":[8],"task-specific":[9],"architectures":[10],"and":[11,24,52,69,77,104,131,164,181,213,248,260],"training":[12],"objectives.":[13],"As":[14],"result,":[16],"it":[17,147],"is":[18,55,202],"hard":[19],"to":[20,29,59,109,125,175,178,204,227],"transfer":[21],"the":[22,33,139,150,184,216,229,255],"knowledge":[23],"representations":[25],"from":[26,120,172],"one":[27],"task":[28],"another,":[30],"thus":[31],"restricting":[32],"generalization":[34],"ability":[35],"of":[36,187,231],"existing":[37],"approaches.":[39],"To":[40,233],"deal":[41],"with":[42,138,161],"such":[43,96],"issues,":[44],"considering":[45],"that":[46],"language":[47,53,115,122,141],"can":[48],"describe":[49],"almost":[50],"anything":[51],"grounding":[54],"powerful":[57],"medium":[58],"represent":[60],"various":[61,85,154],"problems":[62],"or":[63,210],"tasks,":[64,157],"we":[65,224,253],"present":[66],"flexible":[68],"unified":[70],"text-to-text":[71],"paradigm":[72],"called":[73],"\u201cPretrain,":[74],"Personalized":[75,244],"Prompt,":[76],"Predict":[78],"Paradigm\u201d":[79],"(P5)":[80],"for":[81,129,153,198,218],"recommendation,":[82],"which":[83],"unifies":[84],"in":[88,207],"shared":[90],"framework.":[91],"In":[92],"P5,":[93],"all":[94],"data":[95],"as":[97,149,240],"user-item":[98],"interactions,":[99],"user":[100,105],"descriptions,":[101],"item":[102],"metadata,":[103],"reviews":[106],"are":[107],"converted":[108],"common":[111],"format":[112],"\u2014":[113],"natural":[114,121],"sequences.":[116],"The":[117],"rich":[118],"information":[119],"assists":[123],"P5":[124,134,168,201,262],"capture":[126],"deeper":[127],"semantics":[128],"personalization":[130],"recommendation.":[132,167],"Specifically,":[133],"learns":[135],"same":[140],"modeling":[142],"objective":[143],"during":[144],"pretraining.":[145],"Thus,":[146],"serves":[148],"foundation":[151],"model":[152,174,177,263],"downstream":[155],"allows":[158],"easy":[159],"integration":[160],"other":[162],"modalities,":[163],"enables":[165],"instruction-based":[166],"advances":[169],"recommender":[170,188],"systems":[171,189],"shallow":[173],"deep":[176],"big":[179],"model,":[180],"will":[182],"revolutionize":[183],"technical":[185],"form":[186],"towards":[190],"universal":[191],"engine.":[193],"With":[194],"adaptive":[195],"personalized":[196],"prompt":[197],"users,":[200],"able":[203],"make":[205],"predictions":[206],"zero-shot":[209],"few-shot":[211],"manner":[212],"largely":[214],"reduces":[215],"necessity":[217],"extensive":[219],"fine-tuning.":[220],"On":[221],"several":[222],"benchmarks,":[223],"conduct":[225],"experiments":[226],"show":[228],"effectiveness":[230],"P5.":[232],"help":[234],"advance":[235],"future":[236],"research":[237],"on":[238],"Recommendation":[239,250],"Language":[241],"Processing":[242],"(RLP),":[243],"Foundation":[245],"Models":[246],"(PFM),":[247],"Universal":[249],"Engine":[251],"(URE),":[252],"release":[254],"source":[256],"code,":[257],"dataset,":[258],"prompts,":[259],"pretrained":[261],"at":[264],"https://github.com/jeykigung/P5.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":183},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":142},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
