{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127336347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3522578","title":"Mutant Reduction Evaluation: What is There and What is Missing?","display_name":"Mutant Reduction Evaluation: What is There and What is Missing?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127336347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3522578","mag":"3127336347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3522578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3522578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100756151","display_name":"Peng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-2249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322763","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-2139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047883946","display_name":"Xutong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-5505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xutong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360608","display_name":"Yanhui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2282-7175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037791183","display_name":"Yibiao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1153-2013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibiao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379621","display_name":"Ziyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0494-5285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102765948","display_name":"Xiaoyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-6907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443798","display_name":"Lin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031391841","display_name":"Yuming Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuming Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100756151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6472,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81812519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.7863194942474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation","display_name":"Mutation","score":0.6336659789085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.6289875507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation-testing","display_name":"Mutation testing","score":0.6142728924751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6121278405189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6011591553688049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4608340859413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutant","display_name":"Mutant","score":0.44989484548568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-order-reduction","display_name":"Partial order reduction","score":0.44401615858078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.4139164388179779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.33623379468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2894085943698883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2782824635505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.27130353450775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21229931712150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10773786902427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10257574915885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.09586146473884583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.7863194942474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.6336659789085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6289875507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163565370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308623","display_name":"Mutation testing","level":4,"score":0.6142728924751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6121278405189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6011591553688049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4608340859413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143065580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695","display_name":"Mutant","level":3,"score":0.44989484548568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94633896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140378","display_name":"Partial order reduction","level":3,"score":0.44401615858078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.4139164388179779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.33623379468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2894085943698883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2782824635505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27130353450775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21229931712150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10773786902427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10257574915885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.09586146473884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3522578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3522578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G846592374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772259, 62172205, 61872177, 62072194, 62172202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1797933918","https://openalex.org/W1950548063","https://openalex.org/W1974149774","https://openalex.org/W1977313396","https://openalex.org/W1984481956","https://openalex.org/W1985043038","https://openalex.org/W1989171126","https://openalex.org/W1995804606","https://openalex.org/W2049695835","https://openalex.org/W2057456471","https://openalex.org/W2061781275","https://openalex.org/W2072676510","https://openalex.org/W2075592454","https://openalex.org/W2105832118","https://openalex.org/W2106072155","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2114733864","https://openalex.org/W2116382946","https://openalex.org/W2119283374","https://openalex.org/W2121084350","https://openalex.org/W2135841285","https://openalex.org/W2135937266","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2160431913","https://openalex.org/W2170260129","https://openalex.org/W2226481769","https://openalex.org/W2346933435","https://openalex.org/W2364289112","https://openalex.org/W2473248416","https://openalex.org/W2474835145","https://openalex.org/W2546792321","https://openalex.org/W2598621163","https://openalex.org/W2623706929","https://openalex.org/W2725449579","https://openalex.org/W2734519371","https://openalex.org/W2780267209","https://openalex.org/W2787216049","https://openalex.org/W2793776506","https://openalex.org/W2900715909","https://openalex.org/W2965110092","https://openalex.org/W3034622442","https://openalex.org/W3045296135","https://openalex.org/W3111827872","https://openalex.org/W4238681179","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W6638235151","https://openalex.org/W6646648348","https://openalex.org/W6676028428","https://openalex.org/W6677576245","https://openalex.org/W6707013610","https://openalex.org/W6740932654","https://openalex.org/W6748824039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1434341567","https://openalex.org/W2076609667","https://openalex.org/W2884403775","https://openalex.org/W3171545329","https://openalex.org/W2018017297","https://openalex.org/W3129295186","https://openalex.org/W1987278052","https://openalex.org/W2469179788","https://openalex.org/W2112007285","https://openalex.org/W4312122466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background.":[0],"Mutation":[1],"testing":[2],"is":[3,20,42,81,123,230],"a":[4,15,49,89,118,132,136,142,154,161,171,269,277,299,304,308,366],"commonly":[5],"used":[6,360],"defect":[7,166],"injection":[8],"technique":[9],"for":[10,351,371],"evaluating":[11,170],"the":[12,33,46,67,74,102,114,149,182,193,199,205,209,213,219,223,232,234,241,247,250,295,319,341,352,363,372],"effectiveness":[13,57,364],"of":[14,35,48,117,144,156,188,240,298,365],"test":[16,55,79,133,150,157,184],"suite.":[17],"However,":[18,59],"it":[19],"usually":[21],"computationally":[22],"expensive.":[23],"Therefore,":[24],"many":[25],"mutation":[26,50,75,86,119,189,242,270,300,314],"reduction":[27,51,103,120,172,243,251,271,279,301,315,368],"strategies,":[28],"which":[29,122,208],"aim":[30,107],"to":[31,44,53,65,71,100,108,112,152,207,264,292,311,361],"reduce":[32],"number":[34],"mutants,":[36,146],"have":[37,160,307],"been":[38],"proposed.":[39],"Problem.":[40],"It":[41],"important":[43,124],"measure":[45,66,113,204,265,294,362],"ability":[47,310],"strategy":[52,244,252,272],"maintain":[54],"suite":[56,134,151],"evaluation.":[58],"existing":[60,98,320],"evaluation":[61,110,321],"indicators":[62,99,111],"are":[63,290,337],"unable":[64],"\u201corder-preserving":[68,115,296],"ability\u201d,":[69],"i.e.,":[70],"what":[72],"extent":[73,206],"score":[76],"order":[77,163,179,211,221,229],"among":[78,181],"suites":[80,158,185],"maintained":[82],"before":[83],"and":[84,196,246,288,332,346,356,370,376],"after":[85],"reduction.":[87],"As":[88,303],"result,":[90,305],"misleading":[91],"conclusions":[92],"can":[93,273],"be":[94,359,379],"achieved":[95],"when":[96],"using":[97],"evaluate":[101],"effectiveness.":[104],"Objective.":[105],"We":[106,349],"propose":[109,256],"ability\u201d":[116,297],"strategy,":[121,173,369],"but":[125],"missing":[126],"in":[127,165,186,218,382],"our":[128],"community.":[129],"Method.":[130],"Given":[131],"on":[135],"Software":[137],"Under":[138],"Test":[139],"(SUT)":[140],"with":[141,192,198,276,318],"set":[143],"original":[145,194,214],"we":[147,174,203,255,325],"leverage":[148],"generate":[153],"group":[155],"that":[159,286,327,354,374],"partial":[162,178,210,220,228],"relationship":[164],"detecting":[167],"ability.":[168],"When":[169],"first":[175],"construct":[176],"two":[177],"relationships":[180],"generated":[183],"terms":[187],"score,":[190],"one":[191],"mutants":[195,215],"another":[197],"reduced":[200,224],"mutants.":[201,225],"Then,":[202],"under":[212,222,344],"remains":[216],"unchanged":[217],"The":[226,282],"more":[227,248,338],"unchanged,":[231],"stronger":[233],"Order":[235,259],"Preservation":[236,260],"(":[237,261],"OP":[238,287,345,355],")":[239,263],"is,":[245],"effective":[249,339],"is.":[253],"Furthermore,":[254],"Effort-aware":[257],"Relative":[258],"EROP":[262,289,357],"how":[266],"much":[267],"gain":[268],"provide":[274],"compared":[275,317],"random":[278],"strategy.":[280,302],"Result.":[281],"experimental":[283],"results":[284],"show":[285],"able":[291],"efficiently":[293],"they":[306],"better":[309],"distinguish":[312],"various":[313],"strategies":[316,343],"indicators.":[322],"In":[323],"addition,":[324],"find":[326],"Subsuming":[328],"Mutant":[329,334],"Selection":[330,335],"(SMS)":[331],"Clustering":[333],"(CMS)":[336],"than":[340],"other":[342],"EROP.":[347],"Conclusion.":[348],"suggest,":[350],"researchers,":[353],"should":[358,378],"mutant":[367],"practitioners,":[373],"SMS":[375],"CMS":[377],"given":[380],"priority":[381],"practice.":[383]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
