{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285805502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3520304.3529018","title":"Cost-sensitive classification tree induction as a bi-level optimization problem","display_name":"Cost-sensitive classification tree induction as a bi-level optimization problem","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285805502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3520304.3529018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3520304.3529018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3520304.3529018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045123277","display_name":"Rihab Said","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9618-7206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rihab Said","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050164797","display_name":"Maha Elarbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-9474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maha Elarbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080575230","display_name":"Slim Bechikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-7415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slim Bechikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085548317","display_name":"Carlos A. Coello Coello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8435-680X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos A. Coello Coello","raw_affiliation_strings":["CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028612749","display_name":"Lamjed Ben Sa\u00efd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9225-884X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lamjed Ben Said","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045123277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0521978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"284","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.73641037940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6658549904823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6628574132919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.6389487981796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5541342496871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.499286413192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4964819550514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4542338252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.44815289974212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13678744435310364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.73641037940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6658549904823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6628574132919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.6389487981796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5541342496871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.499286413192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4964819550514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4542338252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44815289974212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13678744435310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3520304.3529018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3520304.3529018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608771","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975580029","https://openalex.org/W1995122990","https://openalex.org/W2055179962","https://openalex.org/W2295985801","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2562319768","https://openalex.org/W3047043442","https://openalex.org/W3113371924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204641204","https://openalex.org/W2120776144","https://openalex.org/W3210877509","https://openalex.org/W2039071024","https://openalex.org/W1470425429","https://openalex.org/W4283016678","https://openalex.org/W4249746146","https://openalex.org/W4318350883","https://openalex.org/W4205958290","https://openalex.org/W3200719183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"imbalance":[1],"is":[2,35,46,99,155,164,175],"still":[3,36,47],"so":[4],"far":[5],"a":[6,23,49,91,95,101,130],"challenging":[7],"issue":[8],"in":[9,52,127],"data":[10,44],"classification.":[11],"In":[12],"literature,":[13],"cost-sensitive":[14,135],"approach":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17],"used":[18],"to":[19,77,115,195],"deal":[20],"with":[21,58,81,94,193],"such":[22],"challenge.":[24],"Despite":[25],"its":[26],"interesting":[27],"results,":[28],"the":[29,37,54,59,68,105,134,141,145,149,158,172,189,196],"manual":[30],"design":[31,78],"of":[32,40,61,70,133,152,191],"cost":[33,97,113,150],"matrices":[34,114],"main":[38],"shortcoming":[39],"this":[41,123,128],"approach.":[42],"The":[43,178],"engineer":[45],"facing":[48],"great":[50],"difficulty":[51],"defining":[53],"misclassification":[55,112],"costs,":[56],"especially":[57],"absence":[60],"domain":[62],"specific":[63],"knowledge.":[64],"Recent":[65],"works":[66],"suggest":[67],"use":[69],"genetic":[71],"programming":[72],"as":[73],"an":[74,167],"effective":[75],"tool":[76],"classification":[79,92,136,146],"trees":[80],"automatically":[82],"learned":[83],"costs.":[84],"Although":[85],"promising":[86],"results":[87,182],"were":[88],"obtained,":[89],"evaluating":[90],"tree":[93,106,137,154],"single":[96],"matrix":[98,151],"not":[100],"wise":[102],"choice.":[103],"Indeed,":[104],"quality":[107],"evaluation":[108],"requires":[109],"trying":[110],"several":[111,184],"be":[116],"more":[117],"precise":[118],"and":[119,171],"fair.":[120],"Motivated":[121],"by":[122],"observation,":[124],"we":[125],"propose":[126],"paper":[129],"bi-level":[131,162],"modeling":[132,163],"induction":[138],"problem":[139],"where":[140],"upper":[142],"level":[143],"evolves":[144],"trees,":[147],"while":[148],"each":[153],"optimized":[156],"at":[157],"lower":[159],"level.":[160],"Our":[161],"solved":[165],"using":[166],"existing":[168],"co-evolutionary":[169],"algorithm,":[170],"resulting":[173],"method":[174],"named":[176],"Bi-COS.":[177],"obtained":[179],"comparative":[180],"experimental":[181],"on":[183],"imbalanced":[185],"benchmark":[186],"datasets":[187],"show":[188],"merits":[190],"Bi-COS":[192],"respect":[194],"state-of-the":[197],"art.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}