{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225409672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3519939.3523431","title":"Giallar: push-button verification for the qiskit Quantum compiler","display_name":"Giallar: push-button verification for the qiskit Quantum compiler","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225409672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3519939.3523431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3519939.3523431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3519939.3523431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1986256","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016831506","display_name":"Runzhou Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3733-5168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runzhou Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079557370","display_name":"Yunong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-6107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038737061","display_name":"Jianan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4675-8980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102926928","display_name":"Xupeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9954-008X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xupeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045226769","display_name":"Ali Javadi-Abhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-2695"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Javadi-Abhari","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064909614","display_name":"Andrew W. Cross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9786-8196"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew W. Cross","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083979678","display_name":"Frederic T. Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9282-4645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederic T. Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000031216","display_name":"Ronghui Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-6182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronghui Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4408,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95025133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"641","last_page":"656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.8789732456207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8430259227752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5766758322715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler-correctness","display_name":"Compiler correctness","score":0.518015444278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-equivalence-checking","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","score":0.47933635115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-circuit","display_name":"Quantum circuit","score":0.4573875963687897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.4556851387023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.43058687448501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimizing-compiler","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","score":0.4287600517272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.40303581953048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3964279890060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.3421109914779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3208703398704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.12435084581375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09890329837799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06860053539276123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.8789732456207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8430259227752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5766758322715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68366613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156378","display_name":"Compiler correctness","level":3,"score":0.518015444278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96654402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469962","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","level":3,"score":0.47933635115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.4573875963687897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.4556851387023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.43058687448501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.4287600517272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.40303581953048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3964279890060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.3421109914779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3208703398704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.12435084581375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09890329837799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06860053539276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3519939.3523431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3519939.3523431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1986256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1986256","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1986256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1986256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1986256","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1986256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G107522343","display_name":"PFCQC: STAQ: Software-Tailored Architecture for Quantum co-design","funder_award_id":"1818914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1979010422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OMA-2016136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4498848053","display_name":"SBIR Phase I:  End-to-End Compilation of Quantum Applications","funder_award_id":"2110860","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5412059031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N66001-21-C-4018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5476995083","display_name":"QLCI-CI: NSF Quantum Leap Challenge Institute for Hybrid Quantum Architectures and Networks","funder_award_id":"2016136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7875204501","display_name":"Collaborative Research: EPiQC: Enabling Practical-Scale Quantum Computation","funder_award_id":"1730082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7961256253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF Phy-1818914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8652995619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1730082/1730449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8677875818","display_name":"FMitF: Track I: Verifying System Software on an Arm Multiprocessor Hardware Model","funder_award_id":"2124080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G902573048","display_name":"Collaborative Research: EPiQC: Enabling Practical-Scale Quantum Computation","funder_award_id":"1730449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0012c7r22"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225409672.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225409672.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1485511365","https://openalex.org/W2003164052","https://openalex.org/W2023035194","https://openalex.org/W2040856861","https://openalex.org/W2125125126","https://openalex.org/W2154434103","https://openalex.org/W2302430074","https://openalex.org/W2563269605","https://openalex.org/W2761236351","https://openalex.org/W2771024256","https://openalex.org/W2803889673","https://openalex.org/W2889938786","https://openalex.org/W2899524259","https://openalex.org/W2913384061","https://openalex.org/W2913992572","https://openalex.org/W2915042614","https://openalex.org/W2949686459","https://openalex.org/W2974073952","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W2993800728","https://openalex.org/W3000698183","https://openalex.org/W3032926390","https://openalex.org/W3102839632","https://openalex.org/W3104553508","https://openalex.org/W3104993277","https://openalex.org/W3105603580","https://openalex.org/W3105859973","https://openalex.org/W3109826332","https://openalex.org/W3116601100","https://openalex.org/W3126124413","https://openalex.org/W3136504866","https://openalex.org/W3139619551","https://openalex.org/W3144070277","https://openalex.org/W3177341713","https://openalex.org/W4205868343","https://openalex.org/W4233726431","https://openalex.org/W4245180599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152752131","https://openalex.org/W2105710452","https://openalex.org/W2106507440","https://openalex.org/W2122355433","https://openalex.org/W2162615969","https://openalex.org/W2096723742","https://openalex.org/W2035731992","https://openalex.org/W79857529","https://openalex.org/W1574742821","https://openalex.org/W4246454774"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"Giallar,":[3,93],"a":[4,24,72,79,146],"fully-automated":[5],"verification":[6,143],"toolkit":[7],"for":[8,75,84],"quantum":[9,31,39,76,90,113],"compilers.":[10],"Giallar":[11,41,70],"requires":[12],"no":[13],"manual":[14],"specifications,":[15],"invariants,":[16],"or":[17],"proofs,":[18],"and":[19,61,78,96,123,142],"can":[20,49,136],"automatically":[21,51,138],"verify":[22],"that":[23,64,130],"compiler":[25,102,114,134],"pass":[26],"preserves":[27],"the":[28,56,86,108,111],"semantics":[29,68],"of":[30,58,81,88,100,107,132],"circuits.":[32,91],"To":[33,53],"deal":[34],"with":[35],"unbounded":[36],"loops":[37],"in":[38,104,122,140],"compilers,":[40],"abstracts":[42],"three":[43,118],"loop":[44,47],"templates,":[45],"whose":[46],"invariants":[48],"be":[50,137],"inferred.":[52],"efficiently":[54],"check":[55],"equivalence":[57,87],"arbitrary":[59],"input":[60],"output":[62],"circuits":[63,77],"have":[65],"complicated":[66],"matrix":[67],"representation,":[69],"introduces":[71],"symbolic":[73,89],"representation":[74],"set":[80],"rewrite":[82],"rules":[83],"showing":[85],"With":[92],"we":[94],"implemented":[95],"verified":[97,139],"44":[98],"(out":[99],"56)":[101],"passes":[103,135],"13":[105],"versions":[106],"Qiskit":[109,133],"compiler,":[110],"open-source":[112],"standard,":[115],"during":[116],"which":[117],"bugs":[119],"were":[120],"detected":[121],"confirmed":[124],"by":[125],"Qiskit.":[126],"Our":[127],"evaluation":[128],"shows":[129],"most":[131],"seconds":[141],"imposes":[144],"only":[145],"modest":[147],"overhead":[148],"to":[149],"compilation":[150],"performance.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}