{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226418932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534184","title":"Racial Disparities in the Enforcement of Marijuana Violations in the US","display_name":"Racial Disparities in the Enforcement of Marijuana Violations in the US","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226418932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3514094.3534184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534184","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3514094.3534184","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3514094.3534184","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010062469","display_name":"Bradley Butcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4711-7826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley Butcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056309836","display_name":"Chris Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5296-7657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080823518","display_name":"Miri Zilka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9640-8139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miri Zilka","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008759018","display_name":"Riccardo Fogliato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Fogliato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068875481","display_name":"Carolyn Ashurst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4214-4554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn Ashurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042278493","display_name":"Adrian Weller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Weller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge & The Alan Turing Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge & The Alan Turing Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97398295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"130","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduation","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","score":0.5556306838989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5552244782447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","score":0.5541330575942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.5268660187721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.5152118802070618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-economics","display_name":"Demographic economics","score":0.5064405202865601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.47337549924850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"Health equity","score":0.4675530195236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-group","display_name":"Ethnic group","score":0.43848344683647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.43226420879364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.35775768756866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3538203835487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2892826795578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.2816618084907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.27852290868759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.21651342511177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.17500779032707214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.16855520009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.15713569521903992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632744","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","level":2,"score":0.5556306838989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5552244782447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.5541330575942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5268660187721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5152118802070618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5064405202865601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.47337549924850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.4675530195236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.43848344683647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43226420879364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.35775768756866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3538203835487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2892826795578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2816618084907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.27852290868759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.21651342511177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17500779032707214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16855520009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.15713569521903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3514094.3534184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534184","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3514094.3534184","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2203.11771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11771","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.11771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3514094.3534184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534184","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3514094.3534184","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1577515033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V025279/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1770538462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECF- 2021-429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4191163676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"851538","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8233204778","display_name":"Turing AI Fellowship: Trustworthy Machine Learning","funder_award_id":"EP/V025279/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8401716706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V025279/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226418932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226418932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553913329","https://openalex.org/W1962961125","https://openalex.org/W1966951401","https://openalex.org/W1996272633","https://openalex.org/W2021303971","https://openalex.org/W2040737297","https://openalex.org/W2058479545","https://openalex.org/W2058542356","https://openalex.org/W2070218062","https://openalex.org/W2081040435","https://openalex.org/W2118829353","https://openalex.org/W2401763986","https://openalex.org/W2529251251","https://openalex.org/W2583854756","https://openalex.org/W2744145464","https://openalex.org/W2805335239","https://openalex.org/W2891796941","https://openalex.org/W2896936987","https://openalex.org/W2898781295","https://openalex.org/W2913700606","https://openalex.org/W2945339348","https://openalex.org/W2995687641","https://openalex.org/W3023523944","https://openalex.org/W3036561926","https://openalex.org/W3045010043","https://openalex.org/W3121654114","https://openalex.org/W3187543315","https://openalex.org/W4226418932","https://openalex.org/W4230122470","https://openalex.org/W4233990351","https://openalex.org/W4243863038","https://openalex.org/W6996080911","https://openalex.org/W7067621608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377126482","https://openalex.org/W2939460163","https://openalex.org/W4312883327","https://openalex.org/W4312987116","https://openalex.org/W47045813","https://openalex.org/W4312251697","https://openalex.org/W4313128210","https://openalex.org/W4251896702","https://openalex.org/W4312814915","https://openalex.org/W2355395916"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Racial":[0],"disparities":[1,26,57,112,133,174,232],"in":[2,30,58,64,102,134,144,149,157,172,186,233],"US":[3],"drug":[4,31],"arrest":[5],"rates":[6],"have":[7,22,38],"been":[8],"observed":[9,166,230],"for":[10],"decades,":[11],"but":[12],"their":[13],"causes":[14],"and":[15,44,76,83,92,113,137,156,202],"policy":[16],"implications":[17,227],"are":[18,121],"still":[19],"contested.":[20],"Some":[21],"argued":[23],"that":[24,40,129,188],"the":[25,59,65,70,77,97,114,130,150,158,165,179,183,190,213,226,229,234],"largely":[27],"reflect":[28],"differences":[29,143],"use":[32,191],"between":[33],"racial":[34,56,98,132,173,210,231],"groups,":[35],"while":[36,212],"others":[37],"hypothesized":[39],"discriminatory":[41],"enforcement":[42,60],"policies":[43],"police":[45,103],"practices":[46],"play":[47],"a":[48,223],"significant":[49,131],"role.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52,195],"work,":[53],"we":[54,87],"analyze":[55],"of":[61,100,160,192,204,215,225,228,236],"marijuana":[62,90,145,153,193],"violations":[63],"US.":[66],"Using":[67],"data":[68],"from":[69],"National":[71,78],"Incident-Based":[72],"Reporting":[73],"System":[74],"(NIBRS)":[75],"Survey":[79],"on":[80],"Drug":[81],"Use":[82],"Health":[84],"(NSDUH)":[85],"programs,":[86],"investigate":[88],"whether":[89],"usage":[91],"purchasing":[93],"behaviors":[94],"can":[95],"explain":[96,164],"composition":[99],"offenders":[101],"records.":[104],"We":[105,168,220],"examine":[106],"potential":[107],"driving":[108],"mechanisms":[109],"behind":[110],"these":[111,161],"extent":[115],"to":[116],"which":[117],"county-level":[118],"socioeconomic":[119],"factors":[120],"associated":[122],"with":[123,182,208,222],"corresponding":[124],"disparities.":[125,167],"Our":[126],"results":[127],"indicate":[128],"reported":[135],"incidents":[136],"arrests":[138],"cannot":[139],"be":[140],"explained":[141],"by":[142],"days-of-use":[146],"alone.":[147],"Variations":[148],"location":[151],"where":[152],"is":[154,217],"purchased":[155],"frequency":[159],"purchases":[162],"partially":[163],"observe":[169],"an":[170],"increase":[171],"across":[175],"most":[176],"counties":[177],"over":[178],"last":[180],"decade,":[181],"greatest":[184],"increases":[185],"states":[187],"legalized":[189],"within":[194],"timeframe.":[196],"Income,":[197],"high":[198],"school":[199],"graduation":[200],"rate,":[201],"rate":[203,214],"employment":[205],"positively":[206],"correlate":[207],"larger":[209],"disparities,":[211],"incarceration":[216],"negatively":[218],"correlated.":[219],"conclude":[221],"discussion":[224],"context":[235],"algorithmic":[237],"fairness.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}