{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283448715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512732.3533585","title":"On the Generalizability of Two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks for Fake Speech Detection","display_name":"On the Generalizability of Two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks for Fake Speech Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283448715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512732.3533585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3512732.3533585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512732.3533585","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038541553","display_name":"Christoforos Papastergiopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4130-4866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoforos Papastergiopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007136125","display_name":"Anastasios Vafeiadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1102-5708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Vafeiadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007384302","display_name":"Ioannis Papadimitriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-0419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Papadimitriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064307246","display_name":"Konstantinos Votis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-8326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Votis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087452615","display_name":"Dimitrios Tzovaras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-6722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Tzovaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas - Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8614093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timit","display_name":"TIMIT","score":0.8847824335098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.823899507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.8032675385475159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7197392582893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.7155449390411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6243566274642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5403867363929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.48906999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46040546894073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.44241583347320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.43931931257247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4034826159477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.16550284624099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07495006918907166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7670405","display_name":"TIMIT","level":3,"score":0.8847824335098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.823899507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.8032675385475159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7197392582893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.7155449390411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6243566274642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5403867363929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.48906999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46040546894073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.44241583347320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.43931931257247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4034826159477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.16550284624099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07495006918907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3512732.3533585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512732.3533585","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2009105831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant agreement No 951911 - AI4Media","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1006777433","https://openalex.org/W1532715377","https://openalex.org/W1635512741","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1992979919","https://openalex.org/W2020024436","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2045158511","https://openalex.org/W2079001195","https://openalex.org/W2088127636","https://openalex.org/W2165396593","https://openalex.org/W2566663151","https://openalex.org/W2572277475","https://openalex.org/W2697504846","https://openalex.org/W2777449390","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963838685","https://openalex.org/W2964243274","https://openalex.org/W2966889353","https://openalex.org/W2970006822","https://openalex.org/W2989571531","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3090169026","https://openalex.org/W3093077017","https://openalex.org/W3174037065","https://openalex.org/W6966809343"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008630378","https://openalex.org/W2118717649","https://openalex.org/W1958015814","https://openalex.org/W2413243053","https://openalex.org/W410723623","https://openalex.org/W2015341305","https://openalex.org/W4225593417","https://openalex.org/W1980604799","https://openalex.org/W3177295825","https://openalex.org/W4297686884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"powerful":[1],"capabilities":[2],"of":[3,19,38,52,61,75,88,118,163,177],"modern":[4],"text-to-speech":[5],"methods":[6],"to":[7,46,58,132,157],"produce":[8],"synthetic":[9],"computer":[10],"generated":[11],"voice,":[12],"can":[13],"pose":[14],"a":[15,62,112,155],"problem":[16],"in":[17,36,86,116,140,193],"terms":[18,37,87,117],"discerning":[20],"real":[21,50],"from":[22],"fake":[23,64],"audio.":[24],"In":[25],"the":[26,34,49,53,59,70,94,102,123,148,160,164,168,173,178,186,194],"present":[27,195],"work,":[28],"different":[29,76],"pipelines":[30],"were":[31,84,130],"tested":[32],"and":[33,41,81,126,167],"best":[35,114],"inference":[39],"time":[40],"audio":[42,51,65,77],"quality":[43],"was":[44,110,143,183],"selected":[45],"expand":[47],"on":[48,69,90,101,120,159,172],"TIMIT":[54,71,174],"dataset.":[55,107],"This":[56,181],"led":[57],"creation":[60],"new":[63],"detection":[66],"dataset":[67,166],"based":[68,171],"corpus.":[72],"A":[73],"range":[74],"representations":[78,129],"(magnitude":[79],"spectrogram":[80,125],"energies":[82,128],"representations)":[83],"studied":[85],"performance":[89,119,138],"both":[91,121],"datasets,":[92,122],"with":[93],"two-dimensional":[95,149],"convolutional":[96,150],"neural":[97,151],"networks":[98],"trained":[99],"only":[100],"Fake":[103],"or":[104],"Real":[105],"(FoR)":[106],"While":[108],"there":[109],"not":[111],"single":[113],"representation":[115,179],"Mel":[124,127],"found":[131],"be":[133],"more":[134],"robust":[135],"overall.":[136],"No":[137],"difference":[139],"recognition":[141],"accuracy":[142],"evident":[144],"during":[145],"validation,":[146],"while":[147],"network":[152],"model":[153],"showed":[154],"tendency":[156],"under-perform":[158],"test":[161],"set":[162],"FoR":[165],"synthesized":[169],"one":[170],"corpus,":[175],"regardless":[176],"used.":[180],"fact":[182],"corroborated":[184],"by":[185],"data":[187],"distribution":[188],"analysis":[189],"that":[190],"is":[191],"presented":[192],"work.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
