{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226030547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512576.3512666","title":"An Exploratory Study of Potential Freeway Level-of-Service Measures by Simulation Approach and Statistical Analysis","display_name":"An Exploratory Study of Potential Freeway Level-of-Service Measures by Simulation Approach and Statistical Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226030547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512576.3512666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3512576.3512666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512576.3512666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 The 9th International Conference on Information Technology: IoT and Smart City","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037880266","display_name":"Xiaozhao Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaozhao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation & Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation & Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021832534","display_name":"Yolanda Ziyu Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yolanda Ziyu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Department, International Dept of Chengdu No.7 High School, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Department, International Dept of Chengdu No.7 High School, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037880266"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23537573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"525","last_page":"533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.7423726320266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-of-service","display_name":"Level of service","score":0.6414918899536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.5910277366638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.588870644569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5368647575378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","score":0.5105768442153931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.510536789894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-quality","display_name":"Service quality","score":0.4822555184364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4577345848083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.43596577644348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42911863327026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-research","display_name":"Exploratory research","score":0.4110868573188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.4110180735588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.32918065786361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32168450951576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.310649037361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24551334977149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.15281778573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12449932098388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.09550192952156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07757681608200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07168766856193542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.7423726320266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58037377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92785211","display_name":"Level of service","level":2,"score":0.6414918899536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5910277366638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.588870644569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5368647575378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.5105768442153931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.510536789894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.4822555184364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4577345848083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43596577644348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42911863327026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.4110868573188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.4110180735588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.32918065786361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32168450951576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.310649037361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24551334977149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15281778573989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12449932098388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.09550192952156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07757681608200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07168766856193542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3512576.3512666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3512576.3512666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 The 9th International Conference on Information Technology: IoT and Smart City","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201477324","https://openalex.org/W587064707","https://openalex.org/W595450239","https://openalex.org/W607180651","https://openalex.org/W615027136","https://openalex.org/W649818435","https://openalex.org/W1965156687","https://openalex.org/W1970386109","https://openalex.org/W1988537873","https://openalex.org/W1991009556","https://openalex.org/W2003642326","https://openalex.org/W2011542178","https://openalex.org/W2013533098","https://openalex.org/W2015467817","https://openalex.org/W2022990928","https://openalex.org/W2025256370","https://openalex.org/W2028270656","https://openalex.org/W2043147783","https://openalex.org/W2047571350","https://openalex.org/W2057061633","https://openalex.org/W2061155647","https://openalex.org/W2071969188","https://openalex.org/W2077584535","https://openalex.org/W2078259781","https://openalex.org/W2079526295","https://openalex.org/W2084901224","https://openalex.org/W2109423797","https://openalex.org/W2112349034","https://openalex.org/W2113166095","https://openalex.org/W2117320597","https://openalex.org/W2122026138","https://openalex.org/W2139637441","https://openalex.org/W2142168013","https://openalex.org/W2151768624","https://openalex.org/W2167275076","https://openalex.org/W2338293719","https://openalex.org/W2424729673","https://openalex.org/W2443162840","https://openalex.org/W2537404064","https://openalex.org/W2762785159","https://openalex.org/W3164311210","https://openalex.org/W4214573830","https://openalex.org/W4239805274","https://openalex.org/W4240778305","https://openalex.org/W4243199390","https://openalex.org/W4250689173","https://openalex.org/W4252043626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517019597","https://openalex.org/W1968776045","https://openalex.org/W2296713838","https://openalex.org/W767149399","https://openalex.org/W2214078930","https://openalex.org/W632450529","https://openalex.org/W3016994274","https://openalex.org/W606654893","https://openalex.org/W3181761424","https://openalex.org/W2077718388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"operations":[1],"analysis":[2],"for":[3,20,26,75,80,150,174,192],"freeway":[4,22,32,189],"management":[5],"includes":[6],"Level":[7],"of":[8,55,62,152,164],"Service":[9],"(LOS)":[10],"methodology.":[11],"Conventionally,":[12],"density":[13],"is":[14,84,86],"adopted":[15],"as":[16,139],"the":[17,34,60,72,132,146,159,162,170],"LOS":[18,78,190],"measure":[19],"basic":[21],"segment.":[23],"To":[24],"account":[25],"different":[27,56,153,175,193],"vehicle":[28,57,82,102,154,176,194],"types":[29,58,83,195],"in":[30,196],"mixed":[31],"flows,":[33],"current":[35],"method":[36],"transforms":[37],"trucks":[38],"into":[39,184],"passenger":[40],"car":[41],"equivalent":[42],"(PCE)":[43],"values.":[44],"This":[45,178],"practice":[46],"has":[47],"raised":[48],"questions":[49],"regarding":[50,169],"its":[51],"effectiveness":[52],"because":[53],"drivers":[54],"perceive":[59],"quality":[61,172],"service":[63,171],"differently":[64],"even":[65],"under":[66],"a":[67,76],"same":[68],"density.":[69],"Therefore,":[70],"\"whether":[71],"PCE-based":[73],"adjustment":[74],"single":[77],"threshold":[79],"all":[81],"reasonable\"":[85],"subjected":[87],"to":[88,100,115],"investigation.":[89],"So":[90],"this":[91],"paper":[92],"proposes":[93],"two":[94],"measures":[95,191],"and":[96,117,125,166,187],"evaluates":[97],"their":[98],"applicability":[99],"major":[101],"types:":[103],"acceleration":[104],"noise":[105],"(AN);":[106],"average":[107],"lane":[108],"change":[109],"rate":[110,148],"(ALCR).":[111],"Their":[112],"respective":[113],"relationship":[114],"traffic":[116],"operational":[118],"factors":[119],"was":[120],"investigated":[121],"through":[122],"simulation":[123,128],"approach,":[124],"totally":[126],"108":[127],"scenarios":[129],"resulted":[130],"from":[131],"factorial":[133],"design.":[134],"AN":[135],"showed":[136,158],"promising":[137],"results":[138],"it":[140],"exhibited":[141],"differentiable":[142,167],"monotonous":[143,165],"tendency,":[144,168],"with":[145],"flow":[147],"changing,":[149],"each":[151],"types,":[155],"while":[156],"ALCR":[157],"vulnerability,":[160],"namely":[161],"lack":[163],"measurement":[173],"types.":[177],"study":[179],"provides":[180],"some":[181],"inspiring":[182],"insights":[183],"further":[185],"researching":[186],"developing":[188],"burgeoning":[197],"big-data":[198],"environments.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}