{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297834088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557256","title":"Certified Robustness to Word Substitution Ranking Attack for Neural Ranking Models","display_name":"Certified Robustness to Word Substitution Ranking Attack for Neural Ranking Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297834088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3511808.3557256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557256","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3511808.3557256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608762","display_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3511808.3557256","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707380","display_name":"Chen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2492-0640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009898523","display_name":"Ruqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-2541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088621320","display_name":"Jiafeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690341","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-5180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006971161","display_name":"Yixing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031439294","display_name":"Maarten de Rijke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-0202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135670","display_name":"Amsterdam University of the Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04dde1554","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten de Rijke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110849771","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6869,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86680063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2128","last_page":"2137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7385324835777283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6579512357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6571505069732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5562813878059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5094557404518127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4845499098300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4703507721424103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substitution","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","score":0.44773995876312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.358051598072052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7385324835777283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6579512357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6571505069732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5562813878059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5094557404518127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4845499098300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4703507721424103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.44773995876312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.358051598072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3511808.3557256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557256","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3511808.3557256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608762","display_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2209.06691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06691","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.06691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/9db3f8ce-dd26-4a3e-a3b8-ecd019ef5884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/certified-robustness-to-word-substitution-ranking-attack-for-neural-ranking-models(9db3f8ce-dd26-4a3e-a3b8-ecd019ef5884).html","pdf_url":"https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/133122711/3511808.3557256.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wu, C, Zhang, R, Guo, J, Chen, W, Fan, Y, de Rijke, M & Cheng, X 2022, Certified Robustness to Word Substitution Ranking Attack for Neural Ranking Models. in CIKM '22 : proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management : October 17-21, 2022, Atlanta, GA, USA. New York, NY, pp. 2128-2137, 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2022, Atlanta, United States, 17/10/22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557256","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire/9db3f8ce-dd26-4a3e-a3b8-ecd019ef5884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/9db3f8ce-dd26-4a3e-a3b8-ecd019ef5884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wu, C, Zhang, R, Guo, J, Chen, W, Fan, Y, de Rijke, M & Cheng, X 2022, Certified Robustness to Word Substitution Ranking Attack for Neural Ranking Models. in CIKM '22 : proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management : October 17-21, 2022, Atlanta, GA, USA. New York, NY, pp. 2128-2137, 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2022, Atlanta, United States, 17/10/22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557256","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3511808.3557256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511808.3557256","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3511808.3557256","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608762","display_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1084062135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20144310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1101359642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62006218 and 61902381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1420860423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006218 and 61902381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1731793062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20144310 and 2021100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2454900426","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20144310,2021100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317933164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62006218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4171408361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006218, 61902381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335561","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297834088.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4297834088.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606357646","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1973435495","https://openalex.org/W1984160751","https://openalex.org/W2014415866","https://openalex.org/W2066055909","https://openalex.org/W2072112759","https://openalex.org/W2097116485","https://openalex.org/W2143331230","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2539671052","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2609368435","https://openalex.org/W2774514250","https://openalex.org/W2798964384","https://openalex.org/W2799007037","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899154813","https://openalex.org/W2926587947","https://openalex.org/W2940009958","https://openalex.org/W2945127593","https://openalex.org/W2945793108","https://openalex.org/W2949128310","https://openalex.org/W2951534261","https://openalex.org/W2962718684","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963952467","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W2970078867","https://openalex.org/W2970449623","https://openalex.org/W2991226929","https://openalex.org/W2997842202","https://openalex.org/W3011411500","https://openalex.org/W3015001695","https://openalex.org/W3029021318","https://openalex.org/W3034439313","https://openalex.org/W3035164976","https://openalex.org/W3035736465","https://openalex.org/W3094612274","https://openalex.org/W3099446234","https://openalex.org/W3101754922","https://openalex.org/W3102491798","https://openalex.org/W3109275961","https://openalex.org/W3120061794","https://openalex.org/W3153055969","https://openalex.org/W3168586460","https://openalex.org/W3189509741","https://openalex.org/W3208821253","https://openalex.org/W4206765718","https://openalex.org/W4224330422","https://openalex.org/W4251326898","https://openalex.org/W4255011434","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4297792735","https://openalex.org/W4299606006","https://openalex.org/W4300427681","https://openalex.org/W4300996741","https://openalex.org/W4302313152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"ranking":[1],"models":[2],"(NRMs)":[3],"have":[4,12],"achieved":[5],"promising":[6],"results":[7],"in":[8,34,42,57],"information":[9],"retrieval.":[10],"NRMs":[11,30,56,122],"also":[13],"been":[14],"shown":[15],"to":[16,19,48,64,85],"be":[17,104],"vulnerable":[18],"adversarial":[20,77],"examples.":[21],"A":[22],"typical":[23],"Word":[24],"Substitution":[25],"Ranking":[26],"Attack":[27],"(WSRA)":[28],"against":[29,69],"was":[31],"proposed":[32],"recently,":[33],"which":[35],"an":[36],"attacker":[37],"promotes":[38],"a":[39],"target":[40],"document":[41],"rankings":[43],"by":[44,106],"adding":[45],"human-imperceptible":[46],"perturbations":[47],"its":[49],"text.":[50],"This":[51],"raises":[52],"concerns":[53],"when":[54],"deploying":[55],"real-world":[58],"applications.":[59],"Therefore,":[60],"it":[61],"is":[62],"important":[63],"develop":[65],"techniques":[66],"that":[67],"defend":[68],"such":[70,91],"attacks":[71],"for":[72,121],"NRMs.":[73],"In":[74],"empirical":[75],"defenses":[76],"examples":[78],"are":[79,123],"found":[80],"during":[81],"training":[82,88],"and":[83,101,116],"used":[84],"augment":[86],"the":[87,98],"set.":[89],"However,":[90],"methods":[92,120],"offer":[93],"no":[94],"theoretical":[95],"guarantee":[96],"on":[97],"models'":[99],"robustness":[100],"may":[102],"eventually":[103],"broken":[105],"other":[107],"sophisticated":[108],"WSRAs.":[109],"To":[110],"escape":[111],"this":[112],"arms":[113],"race,":[114],"rigorous":[115],"provable":[117],"certified":[118],"defense":[119],"needed.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2022-10-01T00:00:00"}