{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213314916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511064","title":"Toward systematic architectural design of near-term trapped ion quantum computers","display_name":"Toward systematic architectural design of near-term trapped ion quantum computers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213314916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3511064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036823591","display_name":"Prakash Murali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3378-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakash Murali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114035508","display_name":"Dripto M. Debroy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dripto M. Debroy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University, Durham, NC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087628620","display_name":"Kenneth R. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7716-1425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth R. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002015508","display_name":"Margaret Martonosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-8032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Martonosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84194005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"3","first_page":"101","last_page":"109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7417352199554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.7088342905044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.694199800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5621504187583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5460829734802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45898211002349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4192701280117035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4129825532436371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3382318615913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3350282311439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.32791921496391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.29487624764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18354713916778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10219377279281616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7417352199554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.7088342905044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.694199800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5621504187583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5460829734802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45898211002349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4192701280117035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4129825532436371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3382318615913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3350282311439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32791921496391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.29487624764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18354713916778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10219377279281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3511064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3511064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7658957802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1730082, 1730104, 1717523","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972637202","https://openalex.org/W2014635678","https://openalex.org/W2020409647","https://openalex.org/W2074117827","https://openalex.org/W2163077582","https://openalex.org/W2517710973","https://openalex.org/W2748080430","https://openalex.org/W2750837442","https://openalex.org/W2751433475","https://openalex.org/W2763470743","https://openalex.org/W2786023959","https://openalex.org/W2885128341","https://openalex.org/W2950036696","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W2995063880","https://openalex.org/W3009109667","https://openalex.org/W3012213009","https://openalex.org/W3027157788","https://openalex.org/W3043784418","https://openalex.org/W3101580458","https://openalex.org/W3102314136","https://openalex.org/W3147660836","https://openalex.org/W6606605339","https://openalex.org/W6777290737","https://openalex.org/W6837026083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019887508","https://openalex.org/W2134613344","https://openalex.org/W4220701436","https://openalex.org/W4288020428","https://openalex.org/W4281396976","https://openalex.org/W2041206904","https://openalex.org/W4292387542","https://openalex.org/W2989046916","https://openalex.org/W204679888","https://openalex.org/W4285214172"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trapped":[0],"ions":[1],"(TIs)":[2],"are":[3,35,83],"a":[4,42,63,77,100,108,166,171,179],"leading":[5],"candidate":[6],"for":[7,93,114],"building":[8,99],"Noisy":[9],"Intermediate-Scale":[10],"Quantum":[11,68],"(NISQ)":[12],"hardware.":[13],"TI":[14,33,61,79,134,280],"qubits":[15],"have":[16,96,287],"fundamental":[17,48],"advantages":[18],"over":[19],"other":[20],"technologies,":[21],"featuring":[22],"high":[23],"qubit":[24,29,60,102],"quality,":[25],"coherence":[26],"time,":[27,208],"and":[28,39,119,122,156,183,197,210,217,227,268,274,298],"connectivity.":[30],"However,":[31],"current":[32],"systems":[34,135],"small":[36,81],"in":[37,294],"size":[38],"typically":[40],"use":[41],"single":[43],"trap":[44,115,152,225],"architecture,":[45],"which":[46,169],"has":[47,73],"scalability":[49],"limitations.":[50],"To":[51,160],"progress":[52,301],"toward":[53,302],"the":[54,67,89,123,147,191,194,288,295,300],"next":[55],"major":[56],"milestone":[57],"of":[58,107,111,151,181,240,251],"50--100":[59,101,137],"devices,":[62],"modular":[64],"architecture":[65],"termed":[66],"Charge":[69],"Coupled":[70],"Device":[71],"(QCCD)":[72],"been":[74,97],"proposed.":[75],"In":[76],"QCCD-based":[78,133],"device,":[80],"traps":[82],"connected":[84],"through":[85],"ion":[86],"shuttling.":[87],"While":[88],"basic":[90],"hardware":[91,185,219,293],"components":[92],"such":[94,204],"devices":[95,281],"demonstrated,":[98],"system":[103],"is":[104],"challenging":[105],"because":[106],"wide":[109],"range":[110],"design":[112,149,167,220],"possibilities":[113],"sizing,":[116,153],"communication":[117,154,228],"topology,":[118,155],"gate":[120,243],"implementations":[121],"need":[124],"to":[125,201,237,260,264,278,290],"match":[126],"diverse":[127],"application":[128,206,233,270],"resource":[129],"requirements.":[130],"Toward":[131],"realizing":[132],"with":[136,178,282],"qubits,":[138,284],"we":[139,164,222,256],"perform":[140],"an":[141],"extensive":[142],"application-driven":[143],"architectural":[144],"study":[145],"evaluating":[146],"key":[148],"choices":[150,230,245,263],"operation":[157],"implementation":[158,244],"methods.":[159],"enable":[161],"our":[162,285],"study,":[163],"built":[165],"toolflow,":[168],"takes":[170],"QCCD":[172],"architecture's":[173],"parameters":[174],"as":[175,205],"input,":[176],"along":[177],"set":[180],"applications":[182,192,216],"realistic":[184],"performance":[186],"models.":[187],"Our":[188],"toolflow":[189],"maps":[190],"onto":[193],"target":[195],"device":[196,211],"simulates":[198],"their":[199],"execution":[200],"compute":[202],"metrics":[203],"run":[207],"reliability,":[209],"noise":[212],"rates.":[213],"Using":[214],"six":[215],"several":[218],"points,":[221],"show":[223],"that":[224],"sizing":[226],"topology":[229],"can":[231],"impact":[232],"reliability":[234,247],"by":[235,248],"up":[236],"three":[238],"orders":[239],"magnitude.":[241,252],"Microarchitectural":[242],"influence":[246,291],"another":[249],"order":[250],"From":[253],"these":[254,262],"studies,":[255],"provide":[257],"concrete":[258],"recommendations":[259],"tune":[261],"achieve":[265],"highly":[266],"reliable":[267],"performant":[269],"executions.":[271],"With":[272],"industry":[273],"academic":[275],"efforts":[276],"underway":[277],"build":[279],"50-100":[283],"insights":[286],"potential":[289],"QC":[292,304],"near":[296],"future":[297],"accelerate":[299],"practical":[303],"systems.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}