{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293146358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510849","title":"Turnover of Companies in OpenStack: Prevalence and Rationale","display_name":"Turnover of Companies in OpenStack: Prevalence and Rationale","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293146358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510849"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510849","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510849","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101439496","display_name":"Yuxia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-5931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuxia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024721944","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055158271","display_name":"Xin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1099-3336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767781","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/017r4dj03","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767781","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672","https://openalex.org/I4391767781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065977454","display_name":"Minghui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-3964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049100391","display_name":"Zhi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-226X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101518774","display_name":"Jiaxin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-2355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101439496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3473,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94981529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.8280426263809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5972360968589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.52964186668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4446660280227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.42571133375167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.36282458901405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35343194007873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.34127479791641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.32834410667419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1808563768863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1651972532272339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.8280426263809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5972360968589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.52964186668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4446660280227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.42571133375167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.36282458901405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35343194007873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.34127479791641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32834410667419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1808563768863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1651972532272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510849","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510849","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2727827705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62141209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3816784848","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62141209, 62172037, 61802378, 61825201, and 62192731","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G463515535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5436695862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61825201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5482656022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62192731","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G735754199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6182520","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293146358.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293146358.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156578896","https://openalex.org/W1493044792","https://openalex.org/W1601087168","https://openalex.org/W1969939902","https://openalex.org/W1970588407","https://openalex.org/W1975782063","https://openalex.org/W1976326994","https://openalex.org/W1988262403","https://openalex.org/W1989862714","https://openalex.org/W2003045503","https://openalex.org/W2006624349","https://openalex.org/W2008506283","https://openalex.org/W2008946935","https://openalex.org/W2026801283","https://openalex.org/W2034008825","https://openalex.org/W2045175138","https://openalex.org/W2055117391","https://openalex.org/W2079395076","https://openalex.org/W2082638814","https://openalex.org/W2093125667","https://openalex.org/W2098399603","https://openalex.org/W2107226556","https://openalex.org/W2115033034","https://openalex.org/W2116484544","https://openalex.org/W2129332419","https://openalex.org/W2129925362","https://openalex.org/W2133674686","https://openalex.org/W2139888022","https://openalex.org/W2148540129","https://openalex.org/W2152963130","https://openalex.org/W2162739315","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2175631294","https://openalex.org/W2203611360","https://openalex.org/W2344784027","https://openalex.org/W2360973814","https://openalex.org/W2386192529","https://openalex.org/W2404633945","https://openalex.org/W2495790956","https://openalex.org/W2498916236","https://openalex.org/W2581845629","https://openalex.org/W2589828095","https://openalex.org/W2599685535","https://openalex.org/W2619400223","https://openalex.org/W2735681515","https://openalex.org/W2765375181","https://openalex.org/W2767247175","https://openalex.org/W2793750436","https://openalex.org/W2898044409","https://openalex.org/W2899036005","https://openalex.org/W2925515791","https://openalex.org/W2940888766","https://openalex.org/W2946567467","https://openalex.org/W2962971223","https://openalex.org/W2980153788","https://openalex.org/W2997060564","https://openalex.org/W3005321232","https://openalex.org/W3100550131","https://openalex.org/W3121293189","https://openalex.org/W3122921485","https://openalex.org/W3125171601","https://openalex.org/W3160963487","https://openalex.org/W4206507430","https://openalex.org/W4233454717","https://openalex.org/W4243636675","https://openalex.org/W4293146358","https://openalex.org/W6636032795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367365664","https://openalex.org/W4293227618","https://openalex.org/W2136634148","https://openalex.org/W3122851392","https://openalex.org/W3122800671","https://openalex.org/W4250708772","https://openalex.org/W4288862737","https://openalex.org/W1984769753","https://openalex.org/W2401620832","https://openalex.org/W4297677903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,65],"achieve":[1],"commercial":[2,228],"goals,":[3],"companies":[4,87,113,125,136,150,159],"have":[5,19,115,127,140,162],"made":[6,88],"substantial":[7],"contributions":[8],"to":[9,76,83,147,161,169,216,272],"large":[10],"open-source":[11],"software":[12],"(OSS)":[13],"ecosystems":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"OpenStack":[17,75],"and":[18,90,119,196,239,245,263,276],"become":[20],"the":[21,38,44,60,92,99,110,122,135,143,148,154,157,204,208,221,233,236,278],"main":[22],"contributors.":[23],"However,":[24],"they":[25],"often":[26],"withdraw":[27],"their":[28],"employees":[29],"for":[30,188,260],"a":[31,55,70,163,170,179,241],"variety":[32],"of":[33,40,46,57,62,102,105,112,124,134,173,186,235,281],"reasons,":[34],"which":[35],"may":[36,266],"affect":[37],"sustainability":[39],"OSS":[41,261],"projects.":[42],"While":[43],"turnover":[45],"individual":[47],"contributors":[48],"has":[49],"been":[50],"extensively":[51],"investigated,":[52],"there":[53],"is":[54,117,256],"lack":[56],"knowledge":[58],"about":[59],"nature":[61],"companies\u2019":[63,189],"withdrawal.":[64,283],"this":[66],"end,":[67],"we":[68,107,182,225],"conduct":[69],"mixed-methods":[71],"empirical":[72],"study":[73],"on":[74,269],"reveal":[77],"how":[78],"common":[79,200],"company":[80,205,209,274,282],"withdrawals":[81,95],"were,":[82],"what":[84,91],"degree":[85],"withdrawn":[86,158],"contributions,":[89],"rationale":[93],"behind":[94],"was.":[96],"By":[97,219],"analyzing":[98],"commit":[100],"data":[101],"18":[103],"versions":[104],"OpenStack,":[106],"find":[108,183,226],"that":[109,114,126,151,227,240],"number":[111,123],"left":[116],"increasing":[118],"even":[120],"surpasses":[121],"joined":[128,152],"in":[129,137,153,175,203],"later":[130],"versions.":[131],"Approximately":[132],"12%":[133],"each":[138],"version":[139],"exited":[141],"by":[142],"next":[144],"version.":[145],"Compared":[146],"sustaining":[149],"same":[155],"version,":[156],"tend":[160],"weaker":[164],"contribution":[165,243],"intensity":[166,244],"but":[167,258],"contribute":[168],"similar":[171],"scope":[172],"repositories":[174],"OpenStack.":[176],"Through":[177],"conducting":[178],"developer":[180],"survey,":[181],"four":[184],"aspects":[185],"reasons":[187,201],"withdrawal":[190],"from":[191],"OpenStack:":[192],"company,":[193],"community,":[194],"developer,":[195],"project.":[197],"The":[198],"most":[199],"lie":[202],"aspect,":[206],"i.e.,":[207],"either":[210],"achieved":[211],"its":[212,251],"goals":[213,229],"or":[214],"failed":[215],"do":[217],"so.":[218],"fitting":[220],"survival":[222],"analysis":[223],"model,":[224],"are":[230,247],"associated":[231],"with":[232,250],"probability":[234],"company\u2019s":[237,242],"withdrawal,":[238],"scale":[246],"positively":[248],"correlated":[249],"retention.":[252],"Maintaining":[253],"good":[254],"retention":[255,275],"important":[257],"challenging":[259],"ecosystems,":[262],"our":[264],"results":[265],"shed":[267],"light":[268],"potential":[270],"approaches":[271],"improve":[273],"reduce":[277],"negative":[279],"impact":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
