{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212893557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510421","title":"Breaking the Design and Security Trade-off of Look-up-table\u2013based Obfuscation","display_name":"Breaking the Design and Security Trade-off of Look-up-table\u2013based Obfuscation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212893557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510421","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510421","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023713747","display_name":"Gaurav Kolhe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-6721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Kolhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-6721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086648779","display_name":"Tyler Sheaves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0163-5449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyler David Sheaves","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047725314","display_name":"Sai Manoj Pudukotai Dinakarrao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-2387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Manoj P. D.","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066983905","display_name":"Hamid Mahmoodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4237-3086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Mahmoodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051940611","display_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0626-9778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060036961","display_name":"Avesta Sasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avesta Sasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382437","display_name":"Houman Homayoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houman Homayoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2197,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7616993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8556032180786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.853182315826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.7219023704528809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.6527307629585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5539382100105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-flow","display_name":"Design flow","score":0.5159700512886047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.443529337644577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3712416887283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3546410799026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2730461359024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.23345455527305603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8556032180786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.853182315826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.7219023704528809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.6527307629585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5539382100105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.5159700512886047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.443529337644577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3712416887283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3546410799026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2730461359024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.23345455527305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510421","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510421","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3510421","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4105128551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#FA8650-18-1-7819","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212893557.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212893557.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W1546325545","https://openalex.org/W1605798759","https://openalex.org/W1986199670","https://openalex.org/W2008819052","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2063615695","https://openalex.org/W2064541558","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2124954128","https://openalex.org/W2133527541","https://openalex.org/W2394517960","https://openalex.org/W2464661970","https://openalex.org/W2512558543","https://openalex.org/W2532898432","https://openalex.org/W2587958472","https://openalex.org/W2615010670","https://openalex.org/W2621333324","https://openalex.org/W2766393343","https://openalex.org/W2785858912","https://openalex.org/W2798443351","https://openalex.org/W2798554995","https://openalex.org/W2798959258","https://openalex.org/W2805646958","https://openalex.org/W2901577388","https://openalex.org/W2903107655","https://openalex.org/W2946576051","https://openalex.org/W2963001922","https://openalex.org/W2986172114","https://openalex.org/W2989854730","https://openalex.org/W2996950687","https://openalex.org/W2998465829","https://openalex.org/W3006577103","https://openalex.org/W3006727660","https://openalex.org/W3035797532","https://openalex.org/W3041010740","https://openalex.org/W3099803115","https://openalex.org/W3100601277","https://openalex.org/W3105554950","https://openalex.org/W3111508438","https://openalex.org/W3211764671","https://openalex.org/W3213015148","https://openalex.org/W4206210405","https://openalex.org/W4245630182","https://openalex.org/W4246305008","https://openalex.org/W4246809981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3186150091","https://openalex.org/W2759901721","https://openalex.org/W4321192641","https://openalex.org/W2566543615","https://openalex.org/W2911286527","https://openalex.org/W4311080747","https://openalex.org/W4378501452","https://openalex.org/W2957985992","https://openalex.org/W4230279121","https://openalex.org/W3088996813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Logic":[0],"locking":[1],"and":[2,28,108,120,233,247,257],"Integrated":[3],"Circuit":[4],"(IC)":[5],"camouflaging":[6],"are":[7,79],"the":[8,21,32,35,68,83,124,153,171,175,183,190,202,210,219,222,240],"most":[9,16],"prevalent":[10],"protection":[11],"schemes":[12,41],"that":[13,128,181,239],"can":[14],"thwart":[15],"hardware":[17,51,137],"security":[18,52,138,172,220],"threats.":[19,53,139],"However,":[20,54,140],"state-of-the-art":[22,225],"attacks,":[23,30],"including":[24],"Boolean":[25],"Satisfiability":[26],"(SAT)":[27],"approximation-based":[29],"question":[31],"efficacy":[33],"of":[34,92,106,123,160,182,221,230,252],"existing":[36],"defense":[37],"schemes.":[38],"Recent":[39],"obfuscation":[40,74,95,134,156,226],"have":[42,56,113],"employed":[43],"reconfigurable":[44,154],"logic":[45,155],"to":[46,136,180,200,209],"secure":[47],"designs":[48],"against":[49,224],"various":[50],"they":[55,112],"focused":[57,69],"on":[58,117],"specific":[59],"design":[60,146,161,192,203,214,231],"elements":[61],"such":[62,71,100],"as":[63,72,101,111],"SAT":[64],"hardness.":[65],"Despite":[66],"meeting":[67],"criterion":[70],"security,":[73],"incurs":[75],"additional":[76],"overheads,":[77,162],"which":[78,194],"not":[80],"evaluated":[81],"in":[82,144,158,228],"present":[84],"works.":[85],"This":[86],"work":[87,164],"provides":[88],"an":[89],"extensive":[90],"analysis":[91],"Look-up-table":[93],"(LUT)\u2013based":[94],"by":[96,174,249],"exploring":[97],"several":[98],"factors":[99],"LUT":[102,131,168],"technology,":[103],"size,":[104],"number":[105],"LUTs,":[107],"replacement":[109],"strategy":[110],"a":[114,166,250],"substantial":[115],"influence":[116],"Power-Performance-Area":[118],"(PPA)":[119],"Security":[121],"(PPA/S)":[122],"design.":[125],"We":[126,216],"show":[127,238],"using":[129],"large":[130],"makes":[132],"LUT-based":[133,185],"resilient":[135],"it":[141],"also":[142],"results":[143],"enormous":[145],"overheads":[147,204,232],"beyond":[148],"practical":[149],"limits.":[150],"To":[151],"make":[152],"efficient":[157],"terms":[159,229],"this":[163],"proposes":[165],"novel":[167],"architecture":[169],"where":[170],"provided":[173],"proposed":[176,241],"primitive":[177,242],"is":[178],"superior":[179],"traditional":[184],"obfuscation.":[186],"Moreover,":[187],"we":[188],"leverage":[189],"security-driven":[191],"flow,":[193],"uses":[195],"off-the-shelf":[196],"industrial":[197,212],"EDA":[198],"tools":[199],"mitigate":[201],"further":[205],"while":[206],"being":[207],"non-disruptive":[208],"current":[211],"physical":[213],"flow.":[215],"empirically":[217],"evaluate":[218],"LUTs":[223],"techniques":[227],"SAT-attack":[234],"resiliency.":[235],"Our":[236],"findings":[237],"significantly":[243],"reduces":[244],"both":[245],"area":[246],"power":[248],"factor":[251],"8":[253],"\\(":[254,259],"\\times":[255,260],"\\)":[256,261],"2":[258],",":[262],"respectively,":[263],"without":[264],"compromising":[265],"security.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
