{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284690374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510141","title":"TOGA","display_name":"TOGA","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284690374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510003.3510141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608872","display_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Software Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.09262","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063180853","display_name":"Elizabeth Dinella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-8813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Dinella","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002472436","display_name":"Gabriel Ryan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9464-587X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013212213","display_name":"Todd Mytkowicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Mytkowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041084431","display_name":"Shuvendu K. Lahiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-4777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuvendu K. Lahiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063180853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99266504,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2130","last_page":"2141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.8166320323944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8127195835113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.7016780972480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-testing","display_name":"Unit testing","score":0.6358758211135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-testing","display_name":"Regression testing","score":0.5717960000038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.5696280002593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.5455216765403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4929313659667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.45350009202957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4412556290626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.41498127579689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3485983610153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.30507993698120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.29841530323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2705034017562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.25210040807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.11906692385673523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.8166320323944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8127195835113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.7016780972480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.6358758211135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161821725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917415","display_name":"Regression testing","level":5,"score":0.5717960000038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.5696280002593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.5455216765403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4929313659667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45350009202957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4412556290626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41498127579689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3485983610153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.30507993698120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29841530323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2705034017562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.25210040807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.11906692385673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3510003.3510141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608872","display_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Software Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.09262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.09262","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.09262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.09262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.09262","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.09262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002753905","https://openalex.org/W2009489720","https://openalex.org/W2095850105","https://openalex.org/W2107709519","https://openalex.org/W2110311336","https://openalex.org/W2110908283","https://openalex.org/W2118655104","https://openalex.org/W2122205205","https://openalex.org/W2147002252","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2174442795","https://openalex.org/W2466388701","https://openalex.org/W2471601946","https://openalex.org/W2879105418","https://openalex.org/W3005628256","https://openalex.org/W3034549508","https://openalex.org/W3045595218","https://openalex.org/W3086938529","https://openalex.org/W3098391866","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3101193881","https://openalex.org/W3104449953","https://openalex.org/W3105247453","https://openalex.org/W3105903381","https://openalex.org/W3108032709","https://openalex.org/W3125292927","https://openalex.org/W3149821397","https://openalex.org/W3160282589","https://openalex.org/W3161997752","https://openalex.org/W3184041223","https://openalex.org/W3198891578","https://openalex.org/W4237492309","https://openalex.org/W4238530241","https://openalex.org/W4287593187","https://openalex.org/W4287668913","https://openalex.org/W4296938538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3028378061","https://openalex.org/W2029136037","https://openalex.org/W2135387608","https://openalex.org/W2621305049","https://openalex.org/W2069729796","https://openalex.org/W2810804488","https://openalex.org/W2110068396","https://openalex.org/W2587397348","https://openalex.org/W2104700244","https://openalex.org/W3006088114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Testing":[0],"is":[1,68],"widely":[2],"recognized":[3],"as":[4,20,38,48,72],"an":[5,49],"important":[6],"stage":[7],"of":[8,29,55],"the":[9,41,52,76,81],"software":[10,14],"development":[11],"lifecycle.":[12],"Effective":[13],"testing":[15],"can":[16],"provide":[17],"benefits":[18],"such":[19],"bug":[21],"finding,":[22],"preventing":[23],"regressions,":[24],"and":[25],"documentation.":[26],"In":[27],"terms":[28],"documentation,":[30],"unit":[31,57],"tests":[32],"express":[33],"a":[34,56,59,64,69],"unit's":[35],"intended":[36,53,77],"functionality,":[37],"conceived":[39],"by":[40],"developer.":[42],"A":[43],"test":[44,61,66],"oracle,":[45],"typically":[46],"expressed":[47],"condition,":[50],"documents":[51],"behavior":[54],"under":[58],"given":[60],"prefix.":[62],"Synthesizing":[63],"functional":[65],"oracle":[67],"challenging":[70],"problem,":[71],"it":[73],"must":[74],"capture":[75],"functionality":[78],"rather":[79],"than":[80],"implemented":[82],"functionality.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2022-07-08T00:00:00"}
