{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214576152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508546.3508615","title":"Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition with Self-Attention","display_name":"Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition with Self-Attention","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214576152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508546.3508615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3508546.3508615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508546.3508615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608505","display_name":"2021 4th International Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 4th International Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071113471","display_name":"Xueke Chi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueke Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032628425","display_name":"Da\u2010Han Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5901-0778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da-Han Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032196406","display_name":"Yuefeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-0619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuefeng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011070316","display_name":"Yun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6782-5777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Understanding, China and School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8100740909576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6856013536453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6073994040489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5797492265701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.542989194393158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4892559051513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.4570493996143341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.44551610946655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39111045002937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3397621810436249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13640949130058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07406559586524963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8100740909576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6856013536453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6073994040489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5797492265701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.542989194393158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4892559051513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.4570493996143341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.44551610946655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39111045002937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3397621810436249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13640949130058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07406559586524963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3508546.3508615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508546.3508615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608505","display_name":"2021 4th International Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 4th International Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1810641085","https://openalex.org/W1978799108","https://openalex.org/W2004767896","https://openalex.org/W2005079280","https://openalex.org/W2031071334","https://openalex.org/W2074996999","https://openalex.org/W2097073572","https://openalex.org/W2277195237","https://openalex.org/W2512988010","https://openalex.org/W2623860192","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2896592058","https://openalex.org/W2905413777","https://openalex.org/W2911109671","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3002575754","https://openalex.org/W6674723063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964976023","https://openalex.org/W1982477181","https://openalex.org/W2403083015","https://openalex.org/W4285488523","https://openalex.org/W2011367623","https://openalex.org/W2734065904","https://openalex.org/W2027125286","https://openalex.org/W2049289069","https://openalex.org/W2809078847","https://openalex.org/W2163885456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention-based":[0],"encoder-decoder":[1,52],"models":[2],"have":[3],"made":[4],"great":[5],"success":[6],"on":[7,33,79,109],"handwritten":[8],"mathematical":[9],"expression":[10],"recognition":[11,103],"in":[12],"recent":[13],"years.":[14],"However,":[15],"this":[16,47],"kind":[17],"of":[18,23,61,70,105,128],"method":[19,101],"has":[20],"the":[21,28,35,58,62,67,71,80,95,99,110,119,126,129],"problem":[22],"attention":[24,30,43],"drift,":[25],"because":[26],"under":[27],"local":[29,68],"mechanism":[31],"based":[32],"RNN,":[34],"high":[36],"similarity":[37],"between":[38],"coding":[39],"features":[40],"can":[41],"cause":[42],"confusion.":[44],"To":[45],"settle":[46],"problem,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"an":[51],"model":[53],"with":[54],"self-attention,":[55],"which":[56,117],"captures":[57],"global":[59],"information":[60,69],"feature":[63],"map":[64],"and":[65,82,107,112],"fuses":[66],"CNN":[72],"as":[73],"complementary":[74],"features.":[75],"Experiments":[76],"are":[77],"conducted":[78],"CROHME2014":[81,111],"CROHME":[83],"2016":[84],"competition":[85,114],"datasets.":[86],"The":[87,123],"experimental":[88],"results":[89],"show":[90],"that,":[91],"when":[92],"only":[93],"using":[94],"official":[96],"training":[97],"dataset,":[98],"proposed":[100],"achieves":[102],"accuracies":[104],"51.98%":[106],"50.74%":[108],"CROHME2016":[113],"datasets,":[115],"respectively,":[116],"outperforms":[118],"other":[120],"methods":[121],"significantly.":[122],"improvements":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"effectiveness":[127],"self-attention":[130],"module.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}