{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4223964388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508398.3519365","title":"Towards Robust Detection of PDF-based Malware","display_name":"Towards Robust Detection of PDF-based Malware","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4223964388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508398.3519365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3508398.3519365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508398.3519365","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083607986","display_name":"Kai Yuan Tay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802950585","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02rvm6b03","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325159990","https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Yuan Tay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Science and Technology Agency, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Science and Technology Agency, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069735972","display_name":"Shawn Chua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802950585","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02rvm6b03","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325159990","https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawn Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Science and Technology Agency, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Science and Technology Agency, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028815245","display_name":"Melissa Chua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802950585","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02rvm6b03","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325159990","https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Science and Technology Agency, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Science and Technology Agency, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021323754","display_name":"Vivek Balachandran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4847-7150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Balachandran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083607986"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802950585"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1486,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35825046,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimicry","display_name":"Mimicry","score":0.9153763055801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6837090849876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6716859340667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6045523285865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46666258573532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4664112329483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3609951138496399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.19647365808486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10669758915901184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7863114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192627","display_name":"Mimicry","level":2,"score":0.9153763055801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6837090849876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6716859340667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6045523285865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46666258573532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4664112329483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3609951138496399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19647365808486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10669758915901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3508398.3519365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3508398.3519365","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014466911","https://openalex.org/W2038296020","https://openalex.org/W2082190528","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2525598640","https://openalex.org/W2574797807","https://openalex.org/W2789247308","https://openalex.org/W4301329292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566749067","https://openalex.org/W2159218316","https://openalex.org/W2332959588","https://openalex.org/W2379994817","https://openalex.org/W1980659691","https://openalex.org/W2373086291","https://openalex.org/W3196321079","https://openalex.org/W3158429762","https://openalex.org/W2132785383","https://openalex.org/W4232883466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,20,33,42],"indisputable":[2],"prevalence":[3],"of":[4,22,45],"PDFs,":[5,46],"several":[6],"studies":[7],"into":[8],"PDF":[9,24],"malware":[10],"and":[11,28,84,98,105,128],"their":[12,53],"evasive":[13],"variants":[14],"have":[15],"been":[16],"conducted":[17],"to":[18,60,70,87],"test":[19],"robustness":[21],"ML-based":[23],"classifier":[25],"frameworks,":[26],"Hidost":[27,40,97],"Mimicus.":[29,99],"As":[30],"heavily":[31],"documented,":[32],"fundamental":[34],"difference":[35],"between":[36],"them":[37],"is":[38,121],"that":[39,65,103],"investigates":[41],"logical":[43],"structure":[44],"while":[47,118],"Mimicus":[48,113,127],"detects":[49],"malicious":[50,66],"indicators":[51],"through":[52],"structural":[54],"features.":[55],"However,":[56],"there":[57],"exists":[58],"techniques":[59],"mutate":[61],"such":[62,64],"features":[63],"PDFs":[67],"are":[68,92,107],"able":[69],"bypass":[71],"these":[72],"classifiers.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"work,":[76],"we":[77],"investigated":[78],"three":[79],"known":[80],"attacks:":[81],"Mimicry,":[82],"Mimicry+,":[83],"Reverse":[85,119],"Mimicry":[86,104],"compare":[88],"how":[89],"effective":[90,108,122],"they":[91],"in":[93,96,109,112,116,126],"evading":[94],"classifiers":[95],"The":[100],"results":[101],"shows":[102],"Mimicry+":[106],"bypassing":[110],"models":[111,125],"but":[114],"not":[115],"Hidost,":[117],"Mimicy":[120],"against":[123],"both":[124],"Hidost.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
