{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186132599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3507471","title":"Levels of Automation for a Mobile Robot Teleoperated by a Caregiver","display_name":"Levels of Automation for a Mobile Robot Teleoperated by a Caregiver","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186132599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3507471","mag":"3186132599"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3507471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3507471","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3507471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3507471","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083100395","display_name":"Samuel Olatunji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-2780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel A. Olatunji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067541105","display_name":"Andre Potenza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9991-1263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26437253","display_name":"\u00d6rebro University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kytsw45","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Potenza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9991-1263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005870711","display_name":"Andrey Kiselev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-3728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26437253","display_name":"\u00d6rebro University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kytsw45","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrey Kiselev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078672561","display_name":"Tal Oron-Gilad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9523-0161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tal Oron-Gilad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025841244","display_name":"Amy Loutfi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-693X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26437253","display_name":"\u00d6rebro University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kytsw45","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Loutfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068832886","display_name":"Yael Edan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7430-8468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yael Edan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083100395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.315,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91615947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teleoperation","display_name":"Teleoperation","score":0.9123139381408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7825599312782288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.7503972053527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6882994174957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6389470100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6285715103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5616813898086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5587817430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telerobotics","display_name":"Telerobotics","score":0.41002386808395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.4012494385242462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.33133482933044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22384577989578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21212631464004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.10291939973831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07171845436096191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161759796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3982902","display_name":"Teleoperation","level":3,"score":0.9123139381408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7825599312782288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.7503972053527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6882994174957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6389470100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6285715103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5616813898086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5587817430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196467688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851985","display_name":"Telerobotics","level":4,"score":0.41002386808395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.4012494385242462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.33133482933044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22384577989578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21212631464004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.10291939973831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07171845436096191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3507471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3507471","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3507471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3507471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3507471","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3507471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3084785556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"721619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309446","display_name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/011x6n313"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323051","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186132599.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186132599.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17263963","https://openalex.org/W19399978","https://openalex.org/W25164478","https://openalex.org/W118218891","https://openalex.org/W130949339","https://openalex.org/W147879260","https://openalex.org/W1490384990","https://openalex.org/W1509999805","https://openalex.org/W1512324647","https://openalex.org/W1557496348","https://openalex.org/W1583640842","https://openalex.org/W1606800123","https://openalex.org/W1848449021","https://openalex.org/W1970971073","https://openalex.org/W1972406781","https://openalex.org/W2002894033","https://openalex.org/W2008849840","https://openalex.org/W2016296065","https://openalex.org/W2050426605","https://openalex.org/W2055669065","https://openalex.org/W2059771541","https://openalex.org/W2075593667","https://openalex.org/W2075703370","https://openalex.org/W2076748073","https://openalex.org/W2109135966","https://openalex.org/W2113972270","https://openalex.org/W2120107751","https://openalex.org/W2123179704","https://openalex.org/W2124853884","https://openalex.org/W2131861022","https://openalex.org/W2135556086","https://openalex.org/W2143579043","https://openalex.org/W2153738822","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2186222003","https://openalex.org/W2192201333","https://openalex.org/W2408500447","https://openalex.org/W2559165932","https://openalex.org/W2765541081","https://openalex.org/W2871950322","https://openalex.org/W2882979509","https://openalex.org/W2905187039","https://openalex.org/W2976930157","https://openalex.org/W2990439552","https://openalex.org/W3004202241","https://openalex.org/W3013252066","https://openalex.org/W3015494565","https://openalex.org/W3125557514","https://openalex.org/W3138037774","https://openalex.org/W3192893076","https://openalex.org/W3201429749","https://openalex.org/W6600808634","https://openalex.org/W6774945589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046710269","https://openalex.org/W2097059456","https://openalex.org/W2416670454","https://openalex.org/W817518365","https://openalex.org/W2141648055","https://openalex.org/W2145103607","https://openalex.org/W4367662652","https://openalex.org/W2145960295","https://openalex.org/W2078176643","https://openalex.org/W1993574973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Caregivers":[0],"in":[1,118,126,150,174,186],"eldercare":[2,69],"can":[3],"benefit":[4],"from":[5],"telepresence":[6,65],"robots":[7,22],"that":[8,147],"allow":[9],"them":[10],"to":[11,23,35,56,139],"perform":[12,140],"a":[13,62,119,136],"variety":[14],"of":[15,44,52,79,88,129,188],"tasks":[16],"remotely.":[17],"In":[18],"order":[19],"for":[20,61,68,177],"such":[21],"be":[24],"operated":[25],"effectively":[26],"and":[27,38,70,82,108,142,179,197],"efficiently":[28],"by":[29],"non-technical":[30],"users,":[31],"it":[32],"is":[33],"important":[34],"examine":[36],"if":[37],"how":[39],"the":[40,80,100,127,130,133,151,175,184,189],"robotic":[41,64],"system\u2019s":[42],"level":[43],"automation":[45,196],"(LOA)":[46],"impacts":[47],"their":[48,72],"performance.":[49,167],"The":[50,114],"objective":[51],"this":[53,92],"work":[54],"was":[55,116,157,171],"develop":[57],"suitable":[58],"LOA":[59,95,106,112,153,165],"modes":[60,96],"mobile":[63],"(MRP)":[66],"system":[67,115],"assess":[71],"influence":[73],"on":[74,99,192,199],"users\u2019":[75,193],"performance,":[76],"workload,":[77],"awareness":[78],"environment,":[81],"usability":[83],"at":[84],"two":[85,94],"different":[86],"levels":[87],"task":[89,155,161],"complexity.":[90],"For":[91],"purpose,":[93],"were":[97],"implemented":[98],"MRP":[101],"platform:":[102],"assisted":[103],"teleoperation":[104],"(low":[105],"mode)":[107],"autonomous":[109],"navigation":[110],"(high":[111],"mode).":[113],"evaluated":[117],"user":[120],"study":[121],"with":[122],"20":[123],"participants,":[124],"who,":[125],"role":[128],"caregiver,":[131],"navigated":[132],"robot":[134],"through":[135],"home-like":[137],"environment":[138],"control":[141],"perception":[143],"tasks.":[144],"Results":[145],"revealed":[146],"performance":[148],"improved":[149,166],"high":[152],"when":[154,160],"complexity":[156,162],"low.":[158],"However,":[159],"increased,":[163],"lower":[164],"This":[168],"opposite":[169],"trend":[170],"also":[172],"observed":[173],"results":[176,185],"workload":[178],"situation":[180],"awareness.":[181],"We":[182],"discuss":[183],"terms":[187],"LOAs\u2019":[190],"impact":[191],"attitude":[194],"towards":[195],"implications":[198],"usability.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-17T08:19:37.847499","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}