{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214944485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3506860.3506907","title":"Semester-level Spacing but Not Procrastination Affected Student Exam Performance","display_name":"Semester-level Spacing but Not Procrastination Affected Student Exam Performance","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214944485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3506860.3506907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3506860.3506907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3506860.3506907","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005286761","display_name":"Iman YeckehZaare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iman Yeckehzaare","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057571513","display_name":"Victoria Mulligan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3234-7669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Mulligan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syracuse University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syracuse University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058156860","display_name":"Grace Ramstad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grace Ramstad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgetown University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050228339","display_name":"Paul Resnick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-0600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Resnick","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005286761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.563,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65037189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"304","last_page":"314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12258","display_name":"Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12258","display_name":"Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10440","display_name":"Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procrastination","display_name":"Procrastination","score":0.9930335283279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5406491160392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5268011689186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-correlation","display_name":"Positive correlation","score":0.42772048711776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34814006090164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2369759976863861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12110847234725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.05906358361244202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194279344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330104","display_name":"Procrastination","level":2,"score":0.9930335283279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5406491160392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5268011689186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986115478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Positive correlation","level":2,"score":0.42772048711776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34814006090164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2369759976863861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12110847234725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.05906358361244202}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3506860.3506907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3506860.3506907","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984121304","https://openalex.org/W1984831237","https://openalex.org/W2044369906","https://openalex.org/W2060746169","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2073851554","https://openalex.org/W2153268848","https://openalex.org/W2162764535","https://openalex.org/W2166200712","https://openalex.org/W2169419728","https://openalex.org/W2333114980","https://openalex.org/W2796525485","https://openalex.org/W2800857826","https://openalex.org/W2894005663","https://openalex.org/W2952572568","https://openalex.org/W2966793514","https://openalex.org/W3014737932","https://openalex.org/W3030235465","https://openalex.org/W3116246457","https://openalex.org/W3194987758","https://openalex.org/W4293227220","https://openalex.org/W4301380403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4253654988","https://openalex.org/W2400934819","https://openalex.org/W4229721065","https://openalex.org/W3094617551","https://openalex.org/W3112845144","https://openalex.org/W2885219768","https://openalex.org/W3122709426","https://openalex.org/W2512431248","https://openalex.org/W2911611190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spacing":[0],"and":[1,28,50,85,147],"procrastination":[2,89,167],"are":[3],"often":[4],"thought":[5],"of":[6,42,64,78,97,138,145,160,166],"as":[7,75,90,140,142],"opposites.":[8],"It":[9],"is":[10],"possible,":[11],"however,":[12],"for":[13,100,120,135],"a":[14,58,108,143,156],"student":[15],"to":[16,38],"space":[17],"their":[18,40,102],"studying":[19,123,128],"by":[20,31],"doing":[21],"something":[22],"every":[23],"day":[24],"throughout":[25],"the":[26,36,46,76,83,91,95,98,114,131],"semester":[27,37,99],"still":[29],"procrastinate":[30],"waiting":[32],"until":[33],"late":[34],"in":[35,130,150],"increase":[39],"amount":[41,137],"studying.":[43],"To":[44],"analyze":[45],"relationship":[47],"between":[48,113],"spacing":[49,74,161],"procrastination,":[51],"we":[52,154],"examined":[53],"674":[54],"students\u2019":[55],"interactions":[56],"with":[57,82],"course":[59,121],"eBook":[60,103],"over":[61,124],"four":[62],"semesters":[63],"an":[65,151],"introductory":[66],"programming":[67],"course.":[68],"We":[69],"measured":[70],"each":[71,86],"student\u2019s":[72,87],"semester-level":[73,88],"number":[77,144],"days":[79,126],"they":[80],"interacted":[81],"eBook,":[84],"average":[92],"delay":[93],"from":[94],"start":[96],"all":[101],"interactions.":[104],"Surprisingly,":[105],"there":[106],"was":[107],"small,":[109],"yet":[110],"positive,":[111],"correlation":[112],"two":[115],"measures.":[116],"Which,":[117],"then,":[118],"matters":[119],"performance:":[122],"more":[125],"or":[127],"earlier":[129],"semester?":[132],"When":[133],"controlling":[134],"total":[136],"studying,":[139],"well":[141],"academic":[146],"demographic":[148],"characteristics":[149],"SEM":[152],"analysis,":[153],"find":[155],"strong":[157],"positive":[158],"effect":[159,165],"but":[162],"no":[163],"significant":[164],"on":[168],"final":[169],"exam":[170],"scores.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}