{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200150166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503250","title":"NeRF","display_name":"NeRF","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200150166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503250","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503250","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503250","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083849742","display_name":"Ben Mildenhall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9796-6121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Mildenhall","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061519579","display_name":"Pratul P. Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8268-3285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratul P. Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058341556","display_name":"Matthew Tancik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9059-7909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Tancik","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024117395","display_name":"Jonathan T. Barron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4016-9448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan T. Barron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research Mountain View, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034754633","display_name":"Ravi Ramamoorthi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3993-5789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Ramamoorthi","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102564359","display_name":"Ren Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2207-021X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":975.4853,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5984,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1","first_page":"99","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7959150075912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7877954244613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.7117166519165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6627642512321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.6542896628379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6326523423194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume-rendering","display_name":"Volume rendering","score":0.5914186239242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5541856288909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-based-modeling-and-rendering","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","score":0.5166352391242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/view-synthesis","display_name":"View synthesis","score":0.4758182168006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41859617829322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15000158548355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08289787173271179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07292327284812927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7959150075912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7877954244613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.7117166519165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6627642512321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.6542896628379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6326523423194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30769735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165951","display_name":"Volume rendering","level":3,"score":0.5914186239242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5541856288909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44185422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002064","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","level":3,"score":0.5166352391242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776449333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928781","display_name":"View synthesis","level":3,"score":0.4758182168006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41859617829322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15000158548355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08289787173271179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07292327284812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503250","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503250","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503250","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503250","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G108747356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000142012529","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1624822810","display_name":"CI-New: Cognitive Hardware and Software Ecosystem Community Infrastructure (CHASE-CI)","funder_award_id":"1730158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4578656691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000141712687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6337436655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000141712687, N000141912293, N000142012529","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200150166.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200150166.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183071939","https://openalex.org/W1971719398","https://openalex.org/W2009422376","https://openalex.org/W2026058811","https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2145178170","https://openalex.org/W2238402354","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2963627347","https://openalex.org/W2963926543","https://openalex.org/W2968257580","https://openalex.org/W3109585842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731344982","https://openalex.org/W2139363746","https://openalex.org/W2181483861","https://openalex.org/W2073038808","https://openalex.org/W2028928082","https://openalex.org/W2132016682","https://openalex.org/W2014504480","https://openalex.org/W2068015707","https://openalex.org/W2137356738","https://openalex.org/W2890621757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,81,130],"present":[1],"a":[2,24,33,36,45,122],"method":[3],"that":[4,78,154],"achieves":[5],"state-of-the-art":[6],"results":[7,153],"for":[8],"synthesizing":[9],"novel":[10,142],"views":[11,83,143],"of":[12,27,124,144],"complex":[13],"scenes":[14,145],"by":[15,84],"optimizing":[16],"an":[17,105],"underlying":[18],"continuous":[19,47],"volumetric":[20],"scene":[21,34],"function":[22],"using":[23,35],"sparse":[25],"set":[26,123],"input":[28,43,115],"views.":[29],"Our":[30],"algorithm":[31],"represents":[32],"fully":[37],"connected":[38],"(nonconvolutional)":[39],"deep":[40],"network,":[41],"whose":[42,67],"is":[44,69,110,121],"single":[46],"5D":[48,86],"coordinate":[49],"(spatial":[50],"location":[51],"(":[52,62],"x":[53],",":[54,56],"y":[55],"z":[57],")":[58],"and":[59,66,73,91,102,149,151,161],"viewing":[60],"direction":[61],"\u03b8,":[63],"\u03d5":[64],"))":[65],"output":[68,100],"the":[70,99,113],"volume":[71,94,108],"density":[72],"view-dependent":[74],"emitted":[75],"radiance":[76,137],"at":[77],"spatial":[79],"location.":[80],"synthesize":[82],"querying":[85],"coordinates":[87],"along":[88],"camera":[89,128],"rays":[90],"use":[92],"classic":[93],"rendering":[95,109,160],"techniques":[96],"to":[97,117,133,139],"project":[98],"colors":[101],"densities":[103],"into":[104],"image.":[106],"Because":[107],"naturally":[111],"differentiable,":[112],"only":[114],"required":[116],"optimize":[118,135],"our":[119],"representation":[120],"images":[125],"with":[126,146],"known":[127],"poses.":[129],"describe":[131],"how":[132],"effectively":[134],"neural":[136,159],"fields":[138],"render":[140],"photorealistic":[141],"complicated":[147],"geometry":[148],"appearance,":[150],"demonstrate":[152],"outperform":[155],"prior":[156],"work":[157],"on":[158],"view":[162],"synthesis.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":965},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2438},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1675},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":762},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":133},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}