{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4304080224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3548060","title":"PixelSeg: Pixel-by-Pixel Stochastic Semantic Segmentation for Ambiguous Medical Images","display_name":"PixelSeg: Pixel-by-Pixel Stochastic Semantic Segmentation for Ambiguous Medical Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4304080224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3548060"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503161.3548060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3548060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608757","display_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441730","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-9994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330109","display_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1767-9342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052560070","display_name":"Sheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-0826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059560149","display_name":"Yuting L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-2928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366662","display_name":"Kun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4794-2359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0291,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93666182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4742","last_page":"4750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7729163765907288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7627886533737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6938995122909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6681906580924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.5729087591171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5400403738021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation-based-object-categorization","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","score":0.5148047804832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4957769811153412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37484079599380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33724701404571533}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7729163765907288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7627886533737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6938995122909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6681906580924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.5729087591171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5400403738021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25694479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7446278","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","level":5,"score":0.5148047804832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4957769811153412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37484079599380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33724701404571533}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503161.3548060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3548060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608757","display_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W2116374865","https://openalex.org/W2217831566","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2732931556","https://openalex.org/W2767623272","https://openalex.org/W2798788395","https://openalex.org/W2963058055","https://openalex.org/W2963959402","https://openalex.org/W2979410457","https://openalex.org/W3034976991","https://openalex.org/W3089611792","https://openalex.org/W3159178846","https://openalex.org/W3194662286","https://openalex.org/W3204318134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3144569342","https://openalex.org/W2945274617","https://openalex.org/W1986655823","https://openalex.org/W2185902295","https://openalex.org/W2103507220","https://openalex.org/W2055202857","https://openalex.org/W2371519352","https://openalex.org/W4205800335","https://openalex.org/W2386644571","https://openalex.org/W2372421320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Semantic":[0],"segmentation":[1,55,63,77,82,111],"tasks":[2],"often":[3],"have":[4],"multiple":[5,37,67],"output":[6],"hypotheses":[7],"for":[8,58],"a":[9,53,105,116,129],"single":[10],"input":[11],"image.":[12],"Particularly":[13],"in":[14,26,45,62,148],"medical":[15],"images,":[16],"these":[17],"ambiguities":[18],"arise":[19],"from":[20],"unclear":[21],"object":[22],"boundaries":[23],"or":[24],"differences":[25],"physicians'":[27],"annotation.":[28],"Learning":[29],"the":[30,75,81,91,97,143,149,159,170,177],"distribution":[31,99],"of":[32,146,152,161,179],"annotations":[33],"and":[34,65,127,137,166,172],"automatically":[35],"giving":[36],"plausible":[38,68],"predictions":[39],"is":[40,88,157],"useful":[41],"to":[42,95,108,121,132],"assist":[43],"physicians":[44],"their":[46],"decision-making.":[47],"In":[48,139],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,141],"propose":[52,103],"semantic":[54,76],"framework,":[56],"PixelSeg,":[57],"modelling":[59],"aleatoric":[60],"uncertainty":[61,154],"maps":[64,83,112],"generating":[66],"hypotheses.":[69],"Unlike":[70],"existing":[71,162],"works,":[72],"PixelSeg":[73,147],"accomplishes":[74],"task":[78],"by":[79,85,90,125],"sampling":[80,119,123],"pixel":[84],"pixel,":[86],"which":[87,156],"achieved":[89],"PixelCNN":[92],"layers":[93],"used":[94],"capture":[96],"conditional":[98],"between":[100],"pixels.":[101],"We":[102],"(1)":[104],"hierarchical":[106],"architecture":[107],"model":[109],"high-resolution":[110],"more":[113],"flexibly,":[114],"(2)":[115],"fast":[117],"autoregressive":[118],"algorithm":[120],"improve":[122,134],"efficiency":[124],"96.2,":[126],"(3)":[128],"resampling":[130],"module":[131],"further":[133],"predictions'":[135],"quality":[136],"diversity.":[138],"addition,":[140],"demonstrate":[142,176],"great":[144],"advantages":[145],"novel":[150],"area":[151],"interactive":[153],"segmentation,":[155],"beyond":[158],"capabilities":[160],"models.":[163],"Extensive":[164],"experiments":[165],"state-of-the-art":[167],"results":[168],"on":[169],"LIDC-IDRI":[171],"BraTS":[173],"2017":[174],"datasets":[175],"effectiveness":[178],"our":[180],"proposed":[181],"model.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}