{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4304099369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547757","title":"A <sup>3</sup> GAN: Attribute-Aware Anonymization Networks for Face De-identification","display_name":"A <sup>3</sup> GAN: Attribute-Aware Anonymization Networks for Face De-identification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4304099369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503161.3547757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608757","display_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/7495","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047342667","display_name":"Liming Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4090-4130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liming Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026239594","display_name":"Qing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771762","display_name":"Lei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7733-782X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta &amp; Kyushu University, Edmonton, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta &amp; Kyushu University, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007042802","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2957-4203"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Estelle Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Continental Automotive Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Continental Automotive Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Sci-Tech University &amp; Nanyang Technological University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University &amp; Nanyang Technological University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047342667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89970187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5303","last_page":"5313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8591843843460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.6314433813095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.581915020942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5383345484733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.479990690946579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4514046907424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.44458478689193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.4407616853713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.396279901266098}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8591843843460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.6314433813095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.581915020942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5383345484733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.479990690946579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4514046907424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.44458478689193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.4407616853713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.396279901266098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503161.3547757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608757","display_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-8498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/7495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547757","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-8498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/7495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547757","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1716091338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJMI20B8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","funder_display_name":"JST-Mirai Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3427602082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NSOE003-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337217","funder_display_name":"National Satellite of Excellence in Trustworthy Software Systems, National University of Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337217","display_name":"National Satellite of Excellence in Trustworthy Software Systems, National University of Singapore","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","display_name":"JST-Mirai Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488228643","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1969513994","https://openalex.org/W1982471090","https://openalex.org/W2057047227","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2103958416","https://openalex.org/W2416918403","https://openalex.org/W2769823506","https://openalex.org/W2797132229","https://openalex.org/W2890157139","https://openalex.org/W2895743108","https://openalex.org/W2914620083","https://openalex.org/W2939645724","https://openalex.org/W2962766044","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2963011882","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2963626105","https://openalex.org/W2964347177","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2982340830","https://openalex.org/W2982763192","https://openalex.org/W2992838650","https://openalex.org/W2997170888","https://openalex.org/W3013865655","https://openalex.org/W3027552584","https://openalex.org/W3034431451","https://openalex.org/W3035211587","https://openalex.org/W3035336958","https://openalex.org/W3035693354","https://openalex.org/W3087732768","https://openalex.org/W3105938520","https://openalex.org/W3136170586","https://openalex.org/W3161738556","https://openalex.org/W3179610792","https://openalex.org/W3182270175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W2318112981","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"de-identification":[1],"(De-ID)":[2],"removes":[3,100],"face":[4,8,16,26,66,83,115,144,225,227,243],"identity":[5,21,145],"information":[6,103],"in":[7,104,164],"images":[9],"to":[10,48,190,200],"avoid":[11],"personal":[12],"privacy":[13],"leakage.":[14],"Existing":[15],"De-ID":[17,67,84,244],"breaks":[18],"the":[19,25,30,39,60,65,69,97,101,107,113,117,143,182,186,202,209,239],"raw":[20,114,187],"by":[22,81],"cutting":[23],"out":[24],"regions":[27,32],"and":[28,42,74,92,175,178,232],"recovering":[29],"corrupted":[31],"via":[33],"deep":[34,148],"generators,":[35],"which":[36,140,170,176,237],"inevitably":[37],"affect":[38],"generation":[40,45],"quality":[41],"cannot":[43],"control":[44],"results":[46],"according":[47],"subsequent":[49],"intelligent":[50,222],"tasks":[51,223],"(eg.,":[52],"facial":[53,229],"expression":[54,230],"recognition).":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57,123],"work,":[58],"for":[59],"first":[61,126],"attempt,":[62],"we":[63,125,152,194],"think":[64],"from":[68,208],"perspective":[70],"of":[71,89,185,236,241],"attribute":[72,94,109],"editing":[73],"propose":[75,153],"an":[76,154],"attribute-aware":[77,155],"anonymization":[78,198],"network":[79,132,157],"(A3GAN)":[80],"formulating":[82],"as":[85],"a":[86,128,134,165,196],"joint":[87],"task":[88],"semantic":[90,98,130],"suppression":[91,99,131],"controllable":[93,108,166],"injection.":[95],"Intuitively,":[96],"identity-sensitive":[102],"embeddings":[105],"while":[106],"injection":[110],"automatically":[111],"edits":[112],"along":[116,146],"attributes":[118,163,171,204],"that":[119,159],"benefit":[120],"De-ID.":[121],"To":[122],"end,":[124],"design":[127,195],"multi-scale":[129],"with":[133],"novel":[135],"suppressive":[136],"convolution":[137],"unit":[138],"(SCU),":[139],"can":[141,160,172],"remove":[142],"multi-level":[147],"features":[149],"progressively.":[150],"Then,":[151],"injective":[156],"(AINet)":[158],"generate":[161],"De-ID-sensitive":[162],"way":[167],"(i.e.,":[168],"specifying":[169],"be":[173],"changed":[174],"cannot)":[177],"inject":[179],"them":[180],"into":[181],"latent":[183],"code":[184],"face.":[188],"Moreover,":[189],"enable":[191],"effective":[192],"training,":[193],"new":[197],"loss":[199],"let":[201],"injected":[203],"shift":[205],"far":[206],"away":[207],"original":[210],"ones.":[211],"We":[212],"perform":[213],"comprehensive":[214],"experiments":[215],"on":[216],"four":[217,220],"datasets":[218],"covering":[219],"different":[221],"including":[224],"verification,":[226],"detection,":[228,234],"recognition,":[231],"fatigue":[233],"all":[235],"demonstrate":[238],"superiority":[240],"our":[242],"over":[245],"state-of-the-art":[246],"methods.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}