{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200236167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503042","title":"BFT in Blockchains: From Protocols to Use Cases","display_name":"BFT in Blockchains: From Protocols to Use Cases","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200236167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2otec-wzzk","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327905","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1665-8398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1665-8398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039007125","display_name":"Sisi Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-6807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sisi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-6807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056952444","display_name":"James R. Clavin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5745-0158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Clavin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5745-0158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018287976","display_name":"Haibin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-3408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-3408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6568,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9497442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"10s","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8579041957855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.6986500024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6368327736854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6332751512527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5781000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.517020583152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5138814449310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4535735845565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4117320775985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.3151863217353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.28321731090545654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8579041957855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.6986500024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6368327736854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6332751512527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5781000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.517020583152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5138814449310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4535735845565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4117320775985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.3151863217353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.28321731090545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdsoar.org:11603/24091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11603/24091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402556","display_name":"Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2otec-wzzk","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2otec-wzzk","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2otec-wzzk","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2otec-wzzk","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6117534326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFA0704701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174706587","https://openalex.org/W935575746","https://openalex.org/W1491349109","https://openalex.org/W1499079899","https://openalex.org/W1565004756","https://openalex.org/W1836078613","https://openalex.org/W1969704997","https://openalex.org/W1977019086","https://openalex.org/W1988655303","https://openalex.org/W1991476961","https://openalex.org/W2001271834","https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2034791526","https://openalex.org/W2035362408","https://openalex.org/W2038345682","https://openalex.org/W2054694168","https://openalex.org/W2058322902","https://openalex.org/W2071596433","https://openalex.org/W2074403277","https://openalex.org/W2075331051","https://openalex.org/W2075854425","https://openalex.org/W2080288192","https://openalex.org/W2080551325","https://openalex.org/W2080947580","https://openalex.org/W2099597909","https://openalex.org/W2102236864","https://openalex.org/W2106004025","https://openalex.org/W2107872725","https://openalex.org/W2112138431","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2119795353","https://openalex.org/W2121510533","https://openalex.org/W2126789306","https://openalex.org/W2131817624","https://openalex.org/W2143149536","https://openalex.org/W2147524598","https://openalex.org/W2151426692","https://openalex.org/W2160966042","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2296817781","https://openalex.org/W2328007342","https://openalex.org/W2469548173","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2603176690","https://openalex.org/W2603574138","https://openalex.org/W2614658590","https://openalex.org/W2622621570","https://openalex.org/W2755841085","https://openalex.org/W2765308299","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2776719604","https://openalex.org/W2787592376","https://openalex.org/W2788284713","https://openalex.org/W2794647042","https://openalex.org/W2794835353","https://openalex.org/W2799331516","https://openalex.org/W2801673812","https://openalex.org/W2883702501","https://openalex.org/W2885734057","https://openalex.org/W2896582668","https://openalex.org/W2897751645","https://openalex.org/W2910245995","https://openalex.org/W2910263057","https://openalex.org/W2910815950","https://openalex.org/W2945402993","https://openalex.org/W2949206163","https://openalex.org/W2952192599","https://openalex.org/W2954917935","https://openalex.org/W2963507231","https://openalex.org/W2963873436","https://openalex.org/W2969290670","https://openalex.org/W2980108059","https://openalex.org/W2981750966","https://openalex.org/W2990137878","https://openalex.org/W3015234426","https://openalex.org/W3042225798","https://openalex.org/W3045769453","https://openalex.org/W3046470086","https://openalex.org/W3095656130","https://openalex.org/W3096691500","https://openalex.org/W3099830199","https://openalex.org/W3102600874","https://openalex.org/W3114118843","https://openalex.org/W3120834142","https://openalex.org/W3130587916","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3188062450","https://openalex.org/W3189321855","https://openalex.org/W3216714879","https://openalex.org/W3217318162","https://openalex.org/W4238584892","https://openalex.org/W4240562613","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4248763915","https://openalex.org/W4287777285","https://openalex.org/W4288318638","https://openalex.org/W4293743593","https://openalex.org/W4300072878","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6635430695","https://openalex.org/W6745553878","https://openalex.org/W6748359201","https://openalex.org/W6799593398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W4214672453","https://openalex.org/W2012215169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,36],"blockchain":[1,37],"is":[2],"a":[3,20,24,29,39,49],"distributed":[4],"system":[5,26,43,58,81],"that":[6,27],"achieves":[7],"strong":[8],"security":[9],"guarantees":[10],"in":[11,32,44,96,99,118],"storing,":[12],"managing,":[13],"and":[14,83],"processing":[15],"data.":[16],"All":[17],"blockchains":[18],"achieve":[19],"common":[21,57],"goal:":[22],"building":[23],"decentralized":[25,46],"provides":[28],"trustworthy":[30],"service":[31],"an":[33,53],"untrustworthy":[34],"environment.":[35],"builds":[38],"Byzantine":[40],"fault-tolerant":[41],"(BFT)":[42],"which":[45],"nodes":[47],"run":[48],"protocol":[50],"to":[51,78,87],"reach":[52],"agreement":[54],"on":[55,65],"the":[56,66,80,94,100,106,112,119],"state.":[59],"In":[60,71],"this":[61],"article,":[62],"we":[63,73],"focus":[64],"research":[67,95,117],"of":[68,108],"BFT":[69,75,97,116],"protocols.":[70],"particular,":[72],"categorize":[74],"protocols":[76],"according":[77],"both":[79],"models":[82],"workflow.":[84],"We":[85],"seek":[86],"answer":[88],"these":[89],"important":[90],"questions:":[91],"How":[92],"has":[93],"evolved":[98],"past":[101],"four":[102],"decades,":[103],"especially":[104],"with":[105],"rise":[107],"blockchains?":[109],"What":[110],"are":[111],"driven":[113],"needs":[114],"for":[115],"future?":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
