{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120672518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502868","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Black-box Testing of Android Apps","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Black-box Testing of Android Apps","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120672518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502868","mag":"3120672518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3502868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502868","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502868","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045254807","display_name":"Andrea Romdhana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4651-8713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Romdhana","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIBRIS - Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, FBK-ICT, Security &amp; Trust Unit"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4651-8713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIBRIS - Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, FBK-ICT, Security &amp; Trust Unit","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077703323","display_name":"Alessio Merlo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2272-2376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Merlo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIBRIS - Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIBRIS - Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019508589","display_name":"Mariano Ceccato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7325-0316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariano Ceccato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Verona"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7325-0316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Verona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025438762","display_name":"Paolo Tonella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3088-0339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Tonella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.725,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99779978,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8615821003913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8519885540008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7187559604644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.6008568406105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5822581648826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5242792963981628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4871649444103241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.470905065536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18428218364715576}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8615821003913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8519885540008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7187559604644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.6008568406105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5822581648826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5242792963981628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4871649444103241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.470905065536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18428218364715576}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3502868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502868","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.02636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.02636","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.02636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1120024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1120024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3502868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502868","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1575657597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20182022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3483349834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MIUR 2018-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5747250296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MIUR 2018-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","funder_display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G575684798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018\u20132022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","funder_display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6315092050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120672518.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120672518.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W166862392","https://openalex.org/W317525405","https://openalex.org/W1538021842","https://openalex.org/W1595483645","https://openalex.org/W1757796397","https://openalex.org/W1796544916","https://openalex.org/W1812630525","https://openalex.org/W1986061933","https://openalex.org/W2013856010","https://openalex.org/W2055703785","https://openalex.org/W2088749975","https://openalex.org/W2121044470","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2125074935","https://openalex.org/W2161963160","https://openalex.org/W2165150801","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2227887088","https://openalex.org/W2463553622","https://openalex.org/W2580175322","https://openalex.org/W2595914766","https://openalex.org/W2740742367","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2806400877","https://openalex.org/W2884875870","https://openalex.org/W2888246077","https://openalex.org/W2890086692","https://openalex.org/W2955215835","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2999907851","https://openalex.org/W3043122026","https://openalex.org/W3091518781","https://openalex.org/W3096210725","https://openalex.org/W3103559770","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6732665253","https://openalex.org/W6780559895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W4281847915","https://openalex.org/W4313400923","https://openalex.org/W4377865163","https://openalex.org/W3193857078","https://openalex.org/W2888956734","https://openalex.org/W3000197790","https://openalex.org/W4315865067","https://openalex.org/W2979433843","https://openalex.org/W3208304128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18],"state":[1],"space":[2],"of":[3,28,70,75,79,95,119,160,175,189],"Android":[4,96,120,161],"apps":[5,162],"is":[6,22,36,66,198],"huge,":[7],"and":[8,52,130,142,153,177],"its":[9],"thorough":[10],"exploration":[11,20,90],"during":[12],"testing":[13,118],"remains":[14],"a":[15,37,48,67,112],"significant":[16],"challenge.":[17],"best":[19],"strategy":[21,45],"highly":[23],"dependent":[24],"on":[25,169,193,205],"the":[26,29,43,76,134,147,157,173,187],"features":[27,159],"app":[30],"under":[31],"test.":[32],"Reinforcement":[33],"Learning":[34],"(RL)":[35],"machine":[38],"learning":[39,77],"technique":[40],"that":[41,72,125,163],"learns":[42],"optimal":[44],"to":[46,171,185,201],"solve":[47],"task":[49],"by":[50,55],"trial":[51],"error,":[53],"guided":[54],"positive":[56],"or":[57],"negative":[58],"reward,":[59],"rather":[60],"than":[61,133],"explicit":[62],"supervision.":[63],"Deep":[64,85,113,165,190],"RL":[65,71,86,114,166,191],"recent":[68],"extension":[69],"takes":[73],"advantage":[74],"capabilities":[78,83],"neural":[80],"networks.":[81],"Such":[82],"make":[84,164],"suitable":[87],"for":[88,116],"complex":[89],"spaces":[91],"such":[92,139,150],"as":[93,140],"one":[94],"apps.":[97,121,207],"However,":[98],"state-of-the-art,":[99],"publicly":[100],"available":[101],"tools":[102],"only":[103],"support":[104],"basic,":[105],"Tabular":[106],"RL.":[107],"We":[108,144],"have":[109,155,182],"developed":[110,183],"ARES,":[111],"approach":[115],"black-box":[117],"Experimental":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"it":[126,197,203],"achieves":[127],"higher":[128],"coverage":[129],"fault":[131],"revelation":[132],"baselines,":[135],"including":[136],"state-of-the-art":[137],"tools,":[138],"TimeMachine":[141],"Q-Testing.":[143],"also":[145],"investigated":[146],"reasons":[148],"behind":[149],"performance":[151],"qualitatively,":[152],"we":[154,181],"identified":[156],"key":[158],"particularly":[167],"effective":[168],"them":[170],"be":[172],"presence":[174],"chained":[176],"blocking":[178],"activities.":[179],"Moreover,":[180],"FATE":[184],"fine-tune":[186],"hyperparameters":[188],"algorithms":[192],"simulated":[194],"apps,":[195],"since":[196],"computationally":[199],"expensive":[200],"carry":[202],"out":[204],"real":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
