{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206995392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502223.3502235","title":"SOSA-SHACL: Shapes Constraint for the Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology","display_name":"SOSA-SHACL: Shapes Constraint for the Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206995392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502223.3502235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3502223.3502235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502223.3502235","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502223.3502235","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Graphs","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502223.3502235","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082809671","display_name":"Rui Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8910-9445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073404100","display_name":"Cogan Shimizu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-8701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cogan Shimizu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011621169","display_name":"Shirly Stephen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3547-8058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shirly Stephen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054561327","display_name":"Lu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0453-9965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077183319","display_name":"Ling Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7106-4907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036007312","display_name":"Gengchen Mai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-7309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengchen Mai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110930512","display_name":"Krzysztof Janowicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Janowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011057199","display_name":"Mark Schildhauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0632-7576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Schildhauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006872667","display_name":"Pascal Hitzler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-3472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascal Hitzler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082809671"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1398,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58965303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"99","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6870805621147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.6282434463500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5518449544906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.5173317790031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5089592933654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4973583519458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.49081215262413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42555302381515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38939642906188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.2754802107810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.18032872676849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.139174222946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08870720863342285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6870805621147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.6282434463500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5518449544906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5173317790031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5089592933654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4973583519458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.49081215262413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42555302381515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38939642906188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2754802107810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.18032872676849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.139174222946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08870720863342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3502223.3502235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502223.3502235","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502223.3502235","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Graphs","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:corescholar.libraries.wright.edu:cse-1723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cse/723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737205702","display_name":"Journal of Bioresource Management","issn_l":"2309-3854","issn":["2309-3854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316536","host_organization_name":"Bioresource Research Center (BRC), Islamabad","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316536"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bioresource Research Center (BRC), Islamabad"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/2d87b23a-7322-44ae-b809-1a9f7cef4cac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/2d87b23a-7322-44ae-b809-1a9f7cef4cac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zhu, R, Shimizu, C, Stephen, S, Zhou, L, Cai, L, Mai, G, Janowicz, K, Schildhauer, M & Hitzler, P 2021, SOSA-SHACL : Shapes Constraint for the Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology. in Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Graphs, IJCKG 2021. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1145/3502223.3502235","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:publications/2d87b23a-7322-44ae-b809-1a9f7cef4cac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85124012415&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zhu, R, Shimizu, C, Stephen, S, Zhou, L, Cai, L, Mai, G, Janowicz, K, Schildhauer, M & Hitzler, P 2021, SOSA-SHACL : Shapes Constraint for the Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology. in Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Graphs, IJCKG 2021. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1145/3502223.3502235","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3502223.3502235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502223.3502235","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3502223.3502235","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Graphs","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206995392.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206995392.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102802363","https://openalex.org/W2757034290","https://openalex.org/W2803689195","https://openalex.org/W2905957879","https://openalex.org/W2920310614","https://openalex.org/W2980258893","https://openalex.org/W3006424452","https://openalex.org/W3081362120","https://openalex.org/W3107407414","https://openalex.org/W3134298903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381850946","https://openalex.org/W4380449851","https://openalex.org/W3125091513","https://openalex.org/W4318832338","https://openalex.org/W1919390113","https://openalex.org/W4248383205","https://openalex.org/W4234745530","https://openalex.org/W2146383839","https://openalex.org/W2231829109","https://openalex.org/W2916591301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"explosive":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,51,83,93,118,178],"the":[4,8,32,49,64,70,80,91,125,134,148,157,168,176,189],"Linked":[5],"Data":[6],"on":[7,188],"Web":[9],"has":[10],"greatly":[11],"facilitated":[12],"collecting":[13],"data":[14,38,130],"from":[15,18,108],"remote":[16],"sensors,":[17],"air":[19],"quality":[20],"sensors":[21,84],"spread":[22,30],"out":[23],"across":[24,31],"a":[25,57,68,102,116,129,173],"city,":[26],"to":[27,55,100,145],"seismograph":[28],"stations":[29],"entire":[33],"world.":[34],"Integrating":[35],"these":[36],"heterogeneous":[37,109],"can":[39,45],"be":[40,98],"quite":[41],"challenging;":[42],"however":[43],"one":[44],"achieve":[46],"this":[47,61,94,112],"through":[48,163],"use":[50,62],"available":[52],"W3C":[53,65,135],"standards":[54],"create":[56],"knowledge":[58],"graph.":[59],"For":[60],"case,":[63],"also":[66],"provides":[67],"standard,":[69,95],"Sensor,":[71],"Observation,":[72],"Sample,":[73],"Actuator":[74],"(SOSA)":[75],"Ontology,":[76],"that":[77],"allows":[78],"for":[79,124],"semantic":[81],"encoding":[82],"and":[85],"their":[86],"observations.":[87],"However,":[88],"even":[89],"with":[90,105,156],"guidance":[92],"it":[96],"may":[97],"difficult":[99],"produce":[101],"correct":[103],"graph":[104],"high":[106],"fidelity":[107],"sources.":[110],"In":[111],"paper":[113],"we":[114,161],"present":[115],"set":[117],"(data)":[119],"shape":[120,181],"constraints,":[121,182],"called":[122],"SOSA-SHACL,":[123],"SOSA":[126,158,185],"ontology":[127],"using":[128],"validation":[131],"language,":[132],"namely":[133],"standard":[136],"SHACL":[137],"(Shape":[138],"Constraint":[139],"Language).":[140],"These":[141],"constraints":[142],"enable":[143],"us":[144],"evaluate":[146],"whether":[147],"modeled":[149],"observations":[150],"in":[151,175],"our":[152],"Knowledge":[153],"Graph":[154],"comply":[155],"recommendations.":[159],"Furthermore,":[160],"show":[162],"several":[164],"case":[165],"studies":[166],"how":[167],"closed":[169],"world":[170,191],"assumption":[171],"plays":[172],"role":[174],"process":[177],"designing":[179],"such":[180],"especially":[183],"as":[184],"is":[186],"based":[187],"open":[190],"assumption.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
