{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213131631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501803","title":"RapidLayout: Fast Hard Block Placement of FPGA-optimized Systolic Arrays Using Evolutionary Algorithm","display_name":"RapidLayout: Fast Hard Block Placement of FPGA-optimized Systolic Arrays Using Evolutionary Algorithm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213131631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501803","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501803","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059293268","display_name":"Niansong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2850-0176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niansong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2850-0176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441949","display_name":"Xiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9800-6472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9800-6472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015534628","display_name":"Nachiket Kapre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2187-0406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nachiket Kapre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3693,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55692642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8010751008987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6188083291053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/placement","display_name":"Placement","score":0.6087316870689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6037976741790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.578065812587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5330319404602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-annealing","display_name":"Simulated annealing","score":0.5257652401924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5158847570419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.48895156383514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.4343310296535492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.19012370705604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.18733221292495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-design","display_name":"Circuit design","score":0.1766229271888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-design","display_name":"Physical design","score":0.16894301772117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11828786134719849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8010751008987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6188083291053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117690923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484784","display_name":"Placement","level":4,"score":0.6087316870689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6037976741790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.578065812587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5330319404602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.5257652401924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5158847570419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.48895156383514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4343310296535492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.19012370705604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.18733221292495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190560348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245116","display_name":"Circuit design","level":2,"score":0.1766229271888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188817802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13426855","display_name":"Physical design","level":3,"score":0.16894301772117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11828786134719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501803","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501803","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1784454134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2019YFE0196400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1877411345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFE0196400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321160","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322676","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213131631.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213131631.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523051745","https://openalex.org/W1567473651","https://openalex.org/W1986768612","https://openalex.org/W2005602803","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2055636794","https://openalex.org/W2075137913","https://openalex.org/W2097381042","https://openalex.org/W2101121772","https://openalex.org/W2101677491","https://openalex.org/W2103519186","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2135606070","https://openalex.org/W2139637699","https://openalex.org/W2151040558","https://openalex.org/W2152917747","https://openalex.org/W2154014710","https://openalex.org/W2738078952","https://openalex.org/W2740887992","https://openalex.org/W2757455114","https://openalex.org/W2804935296","https://openalex.org/W2891839221","https://openalex.org/W2897505503","https://openalex.org/W2918037051","https://openalex.org/W2921955147","https://openalex.org/W2939908742","https://openalex.org/W2948175577","https://openalex.org/W2952289666","https://openalex.org/W2953958347","https://openalex.org/W2954234207","https://openalex.org/W2963890729","https://openalex.org/W2983964638","https://openalex.org/W2990616006","https://openalex.org/W3008619650","https://openalex.org/W3016163932","https://openalex.org/W3163275603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W2138311189","https://openalex.org/W3183044703","https://openalex.org/W2471703348","https://openalex.org/W1968931833","https://openalex.org/W2122425352","https://openalex.org/W108855261","https://openalex.org/W2098132017","https://openalex.org/W4244167835","https://openalex.org/W2031837447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Evolutionary":[0],"algorithms":[1,6],"can":[2],"outperform":[3],"conventional":[4],"placement":[5,15,57,64,111],"such":[7,30],"as":[8,31,65],"simulated":[9,158],"annealing,":[10],"analytical":[11,202],"placement,":[12],"and":[13,21,74,103,120,139,188,218],"manual":[14,56,101],"on":[16,34],"runtime,":[17,181,211],"wirelength,":[18,187,217],"pipelining":[19],"cost,":[20],"clock":[22],"frequency":[23],"when":[24],"mapping":[25],"hard":[26,62],"block":[27,63],"intensive":[28,41],"designs":[29],"systolic":[32],"arrays":[33],"Xilinx":[35,45,88],"UltraScale+":[36,130],"FPGAs.":[37],"For":[38],"certain":[39],"hard-block":[40],"designs,":[42],"the":[43,87,105,129,201],"commercial-grade":[44],"Vivado":[46,99],"CAD":[47],"tool":[48],"cannot":[49],"provide":[50],"legal":[51],"routing":[52],"solutions":[53],"without":[54],"tedious":[55],"constraints.":[58,112],"Instead,":[59],"we":[60],"formulate":[61],"a":[66,142,156],"multi-objective":[67],"optimization":[68],"problem":[69],"that":[70],"targets":[71],"wirelength":[72],"squared":[73],"bounding":[75,194,224],"box":[76,195,225],"size.":[77,226],"We":[78],"build":[79],"an":[80],"end-to-end":[81],"placement-and-routing":[82],"flow":[83],"called":[84],"RapidLayout":[85,91,113,153],"using":[86],"RapidWright":[89],"framework.":[90],"runs":[92],"5\u20136":[93],"\\(":[94,134,148,162,177,183,190,207,213,220],"\\times":[95,135,149,163,178,184,191,208,214,221],"\\)":[96,136,150,164,179,185,192,209,215,222],"faster":[97,151],"than":[98],"with":[100],"constraints":[102],"eliminates":[104],"weeks-long":[106],"effort":[107],"to":[108],"manually":[109],"generate":[110],"enables":[114],"transfer":[115],"learning":[116,127],"from":[117,122,141],"similar":[118,169],"devices":[119],"bootstrapping":[121,140],"much":[123],"smaller":[124,144],"devices.":[125],"Transfer":[126],"in":[128,165,180,186,193,210,216,223],"family":[131],"achieves":[132],"11\u201314":[133],"shorter":[137],"runtime":[138,166],"97%":[143],"device":[145],"delivers":[146],"2.1\u20133.2":[147],"optimizations.":[152],"outperforms":[154],"(1)":[155],"tuned":[157],"annealer":[159],"by":[160,175,205],"2.7\u201330.8":[161],"while":[167,197],"achieving":[168],"quality":[170],"of":[171],"results,":[172],"(2)":[173],"VPR":[174],"1.5":[176],"1.9\u20132.4":[182],"3\u20134":[189],"size,":[196],"also":[198],"(3)":[199],"beating":[200],"placer":[203],"UTPlaceF":[204],"9.3":[206],"1.8\u20132.2":[212],"2\u20132.7":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}