{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3118540096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501770","title":"NxTF: An API and Compiler for Deep Spiking Neural Networks on Intel Loihi","display_name":"NxTF: An API and Compiler for Deep Spiking Neural Networks on Intel Loihi","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3118540096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501770","mag":"3118540096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501770","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.04261","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001910622","display_name":"Bodo Rueckauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bodo Rueckauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland","University of zurich;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-707X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of zurich;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001274542","display_name":"Connor Bybee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6685-1228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145836","display_name":"Center for Theoretical Biological Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/04hfg7v94","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129","https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370","https://openalex.org/I4210145836","https://openalex.org/I44461941","https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connor Bybee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, California","University of California\u2013Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145836","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2013Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066264771","display_name":"Ralf Goettsche","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094487","display_name":"Intel (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m2x0g47","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I4210094487"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Goettsche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Neubiberg, Germany","Intel,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016063415","display_name":"Yashwardhan Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yashwardhan Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA","Intel,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087230891","display_name":"Joyesh Mishra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyesh Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA","Intel,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090260554","display_name":"Andreas Wild","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0380-5675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Wild","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA","Intel,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30780984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8497865200042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.8220071196556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.771398663520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6269524693489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.5542176365852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.46986138820648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4414839446544647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.4188550114631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3524537980556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3172076940536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24636349081993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12655982375144958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8497865200042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.8220071196556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.771398663520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6269524693489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.5542176365852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.46986138820648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4414839446544647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.4188550114631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3524537980556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3172076940536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24636349081993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12655982375144958}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501770","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.04261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.04261","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.04261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3118540096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2101.04261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.04261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.04261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.04261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.04261","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.04261","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8752480314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRSII5 177255","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315121","display_name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3118540096.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3118540096.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570411240","https://openalex.org/W1666962919","https://openalex.org/W1667652561","https://openalex.org/W2065125569","https://openalex.org/W2072357061","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2140886546","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2153041354","https://openalex.org/W2183631084","https://openalex.org/W2297368549","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2469532513","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2745933219","https://openalex.org/W2758121337","https://openalex.org/W2766422095","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2792794651","https://openalex.org/W2800613970","https://openalex.org/W2891530223","https://openalex.org/W2896254771","https://openalex.org/W2898350988","https://openalex.org/W2962804204","https://openalex.org/W2963335874","https://openalex.org/W2969335882","https://openalex.org/W2970959587","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2973017734","https://openalex.org/W2976428661","https://openalex.org/W2988062464","https://openalex.org/W2995289984","https://openalex.org/W3023719681","https://openalex.org/W3036016986","https://openalex.org/W3038041907","https://openalex.org/W3038702532","https://openalex.org/W3091431973","https://openalex.org/W3092451347","https://openalex.org/W3099432326","https://openalex.org/W3101265958","https://openalex.org/W3139657805","https://openalex.org/W3201524232","https://openalex.org/W6637151318"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2792794651","https://openalex.org/W2097018235","https://openalex.org/W3084089500","https://openalex.org/W3036648875","https://openalex.org/W2904565241","https://openalex.org/W3177372937","https://openalex.org/W2947237099","https://openalex.org/W2049450123","https://openalex.org/W2786457529","https://openalex.org/W2944959343","https://openalex.org/W2282822614","https://openalex.org/W3107340688","https://openalex.org/W3147409832","https://openalex.org/W3085369891","https://openalex.org/W2788007484","https://openalex.org/W2951273644","https://openalex.org/W2905692112","https://openalex.org/W2890620747"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0,17],"Neural":[1,18,96],"Networks":[2,19,97],"(SNNs)":[3,20],"is":[4],"a":[5,45,71,131,170],"promising":[6],"paradigm":[7],"for":[8,80,169,190],"efficient":[9],"event-driven":[10],"processing":[11,111],"of":[12,25,30,34,47,63,124,134,163,188],"spatio-temporally":[13],"sparse":[14,113],"data":[15],"streams.":[16],"have":[21],"inspired":[22],"the":[23,31,86,122,125,184,191],"design":[24],"and":[26,53,60,77,115,136,151],"can":[27],"take":[28],"advantage":[29],"emerging":[32],"class":[33],"neuromorphic":[35,195],"processors":[36],"like":[37],"Intel":[38,88],"Loihi.":[39],"These":[40],"novel":[41],"hardware":[42],"architectures":[43],"expose":[44],"variety":[46],"constraints":[48],"that":[49],"affect":[50],"firmware,":[51],"compiler,":[52],"algorithm":[54],"development":[55,62],"alike.":[56],"To":[57],"enable":[58],"rapid":[59],"flexible":[61],"SNN":[64],"algorithms":[65],"on":[66,94,101,194],"Loihi,":[67],"we":[68,120,146,182],"developed":[69],"NxTF:":[70],"programming":[72],"interface":[73],"derived":[74],"from":[75,108],"Keras":[76],"compiler":[78,126,158],"optimized":[79],"mapping":[81],"deep":[82],"convolutional":[83],"SNNs":[84],"to":[85,127,137,154],"multi-core":[87],"Loihi":[89,167],"architecture.":[90],"We":[91],"evaluate":[92,147],"NxTF":[93],"Deep":[95],"(DNNs)":[98],"trained":[99],"directly":[100],"spikes":[102],"as":[103,105],"well":[104],"models":[106,129,139],"converted":[107],"traditional":[109],"DNNs,":[110],"both":[112],"event-based":[114],"dense":[116],"frame-based":[117],"datasets.":[118],"Further,":[119],"assess":[121],"effectiveness":[123],"distribute":[128],"across":[130,165],"large":[132],"number":[133],"cores":[135],"compress":[138],"by":[140],"exploiting":[141],"Loihi\u2019s":[142],"weight-sharing":[143],"features.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"model":[148,175],"accuracy,":[149],"energy,":[150],"time-to-solution":[152],"compared":[153],"other":[155],"architectures.":[156],"The":[157],"achieves":[159],"near-optimal":[160],"resource":[161],"utilization":[162],"80%":[164],"16":[166],"chips":[168],"28-layer,":[171],"4M":[172],"parameter":[173],"MobileNet":[174],"with":[176],"input":[177],"size":[178],"128\u00d7128.":[179],"In":[180],"addition,":[181],"report":[183],"lowest":[185],"error":[186],"rate":[187],"8.52%":[189],"CIFAR-10":[192],"dataset":[193],"hardware,":[196],"using":[197],"an":[198],"off-the-shelf":[199],"MobileNet.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}