{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3156525504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501769","title":"Direction-aggregated Attack for Transferable Adversarial Examples","display_name":"Direction-aggregated Attack for Transferable Adversarial Examples","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3156525504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501769","mag":"3156525504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/271133475/3501769.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028180352","display_name":"Tianjin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7740-8843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianjin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7740-8843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034523015","display_name":"Vlado Menkovski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5262-0605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vlado Menkovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029055424","display_name":"Yulong Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-5627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100370107","display_name":"Yuhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9863-273X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022601535","display_name":"Mykola Pechenizkiy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4955-0743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mykola Pechenizkiy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028180352"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3872,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83626115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9722303152084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8278387784957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.7142778635025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6356850266456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5763694047927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5207498073577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.5170879364013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5073787569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.4744911193847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3648080825805664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9722303152084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8278387784957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.7142778635025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6356850266456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5763694047927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5207498073577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.5170879364013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5073787569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.4744911193847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3648080825805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/4025a5b5-0cb4-4527-bd7e-ac0bf2e7e244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/4025a5b5-0cb4-4527-bd7e-ac0bf2e7e244","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/271133475/3501769.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Huang, T, Menkovski, V, Pei, Y, Wang, Y & Pechenizkiy, M 2022, 'Direction-aggregated Attack for Transferable Adversarial Examples', ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, vol. 18, no. 3, 60. https://doi.org/10.1145/3501769","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/4025a5b5-0cb4-4527-bd7e-ac0bf2e7e244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85137073724&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Huang, T, Menkovski, V, Pei, Y, Wang, Y & Pechenizkiy, M 2022, 'Direction-aggregated Attack for Transferable Adversarial Examples', ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, vol. 18, no. 3, 60. https://doi.org/10.1145/3501769","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:tue:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/4025a5b5-0cb4-4527-bd7e-ac0bf2e7e244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/nl/publications/4025a5b5-0cb4-4527-bd7e-ac0bf2e7e244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 18(3):60. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/4025a5b5-0cb4-4527-bd7e-ac0bf2e7e244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/4025a5b5-0cb4-4527-bd7e-ac0bf2e7e244","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/271133475/3501769.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Huang, T, Menkovski, V, Pei, Y, Wang, Y & Pechenizkiy, M 2022, 'Direction-aggregated Attack for Transferable Adversarial Examples', ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, vol. 18, no. 3, 60. https://doi.org/10.1145/3501769","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156525504.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156525504.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2088897029","https://openalex.org/W2097356275","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2460937040","https://openalex.org/W2640329709","https://openalex.org/W2765384636","https://openalex.org/W2767962654","https://openalex.org/W2774018344","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2896078964","https://openalex.org/W2904263958","https://openalex.org/W2947874337","https://openalex.org/W2950048339","https://openalex.org/W2950864148","https://openalex.org/W2962847335","https://openalex.org/W2963384482","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963744840","https://openalex.org/W2963771536","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964013229","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2969542116","https://openalex.org/W2982475776","https://openalex.org/W2996140774","https://openalex.org/W2997583194","https://openalex.org/W4212774754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2901701333","https://openalex.org/W3120578866","https://openalex.org/W3156525504","https://openalex.org/W4303577784","https://openalex.org/W4301489458","https://openalex.org/W3206423720","https://openalex.org/W2963923490","https://openalex.org/W4292794158","https://openalex.org/W2914158293","https://openalex.org/W4213022598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"are":[3,9,22,34,40],"vulnerable":[4],"to":[5,15,42,86],"adversarial":[6,20,37,62,67,83,103,112,129,149],"examples":[7,21,38,84,104],"that":[8,39,64,95,141],"crafted":[10],"by":[11],"imposing":[12],"imperceptible":[13],"changes":[14],"the":[16,29,60,72,76,81,87,100],"inputs.":[17],"However,":[18],"these":[19],"most":[23],"successful":[24],"in":[25,47],"white-box":[26,88],"settings":[27],"where":[28],"model":[30],"and":[31,106,132],"its":[32],"parameters":[33],"available.":[35],"Finding":[36],"transferable":[41,66,148],"other":[43],"models":[44,131],"or":[45],"developed":[46],"a":[48],"black-box":[49],"setting":[50],"is":[51],"significantly":[52,105],"more":[53],"difficult.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"article,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"Direction-aggregated":[61],"attacks":[63],"deliver":[65],"examples.":[68],"Our":[69],"method":[70,98,124],"utilizes":[71],"aggregated":[73],"direction":[74],"during":[75],"attack":[77,118],"process":[78],"for":[79],"avoiding":[80],"generated":[82],"overfitting":[85],"model.":[89],"Extensive":[90],"experiments":[91],"on":[92],"ImageNet":[93],"show":[94],"our":[96,122],"proposed":[97,123],"improves":[99],"transferability":[101],"of":[102,121],"outperforms":[107],"state-of-the-art":[108],"attacks,":[109],"especially":[110],"against":[111,127,134],"trained":[113,130],"models.":[114],"The":[115],"best":[116],"averaged":[117],"success":[119],"rate":[120],"reaches":[125],"94.6%":[126],"three":[128],"94.8%":[133],"five":[135],"defense":[136,143],"methods.":[137],"It":[138],"also":[139],"reveals":[140],"current":[142],"approaches":[144],"do":[145],"not":[146],"prevent":[147],"attacks.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
