{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289731484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543960","title":"What do We Know about Computing Education for K-12 in Non-formal Settings? A Systematic Literature Review of Recent Research","display_name":"What do We Know about Computing Education for K-12 in Non-formal Settings? A Systematic Literature Review of Recent Research","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289731484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501385.3543960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543960","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543960","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543960","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110435793","display_name":"Tracy Q. Gardner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157507","display_name":"Raspberry Pi Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05kdgvd18","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077628693","display_name":"Hayley C. Leonard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1221-866X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157507","display_name":"Raspberry Pi Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05kdgvd18","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayley C. Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research, Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102752604","display_name":"Jane Waite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0270-2124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157507","display_name":"Raspberry Pi Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05kdgvd18","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jane Waite","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research, Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076432347","display_name":"Sue Sentance","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0259-7408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157507","display_name":"Raspberry Pi Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05kdgvd18","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sue Sentance","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research, Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom and Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Raspberry Pi Foundation, United Kingdom and Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210157507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4556,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61009174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"264","last_page":"281"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5734701156616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.5509740114212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.5189999341964722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.4957481324672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-education","display_name":"Formal education","score":0.4937914311885834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.4573364853858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-learning","display_name":"Formal learning","score":0.4478335678577423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4001668691635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3851490318775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3281313180923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.28233450651168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23884254693984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.19743376970291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.18837544322013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.1416683793067932}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5734701156616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.5509740114212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5189999341964722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4957481324672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017614220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal education","level":2,"score":0.4937914311885834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4573364853858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776181820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal learning","level":2,"score":0.4478335678577423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4001668691635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3851490318775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3281313180923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.28233450651168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23884254693984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.19743376970291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18837544322013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.1416683793067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501385.3543960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543960","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543960","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/342187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/342187","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/9060020c-ad79-4ee1-afd8-db0fcd981848/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17863/cam.89604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.89604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.89604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501385.3543960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543960","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543960","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289731484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289731484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W620042716","https://openalex.org/W1547450212","https://openalex.org/W1554618250","https://openalex.org/W2000338335","https://openalex.org/W2022561045","https://openalex.org/W2026222769","https://openalex.org/W2030861192","https://openalex.org/W2037869589","https://openalex.org/W2037927715","https://openalex.org/W2168894761","https://openalex.org/W2187538209","https://openalex.org/W2198813811","https://openalex.org/W2277042750","https://openalex.org/W2277718088","https://openalex.org/W2279714893","https://openalex.org/W2284292528","https://openalex.org/W2296091186","https://openalex.org/W2401280176","https://openalex.org/W2407505401","https://openalex.org/W2476708502","https://openalex.org/W2507347859","https://openalex.org/W2508377864","https://openalex.org/W2513885449","https://openalex.org/W2536787921","https://openalex.org/W2539007623","https://openalex.org/W2548931256","https://openalex.org/W2593056465","https://openalex.org/W2593444650","https://openalex.org/W2605135109","https://openalex.org/W2607610740","https://openalex.org/W2608582279","https://openalex.org/W2624967628","https://openalex.org/W2727687983","https://openalex.org/W2737271299","https://openalex.org/W2748143783","https://openalex.org/W2753529243","https://openalex.org/W2761608574","https://openalex.org/W2765287507","https://openalex.org/W2769952675","https://openalex.org/W2770141738","https://openalex.org/W2771617116","https://openalex.org/W2788932320","https://openalex.org/W2790611565","https://openalex.org/W2791155911","https://openalex.org/W2791653880","https://openalex.org/W2794169256","https://openalex.org/W2895406633","https://openalex.org/W2896269447","https://openalex.org/W2899487587","https://openalex.org/W2900289217","https://openalex.org/W2909604546","https://openalex.org/W2909755349","https://openalex.org/W2909872056","https://openalex.org/W2915912828","https://openalex.org/W2916917051","https://openalex.org/W2916970057","https://openalex.org/W2917145582","https://openalex.org/W2917793571","https://openalex.org/W2917915708","https://openalex.org/W2921104463","https://openalex.org/W2921496189","https://openalex.org/W2922318775","https://openalex.org/W2932078111","https://openalex.org/W2941730761","https://openalex.org/W2946468722","https://openalex.org/W2946985642","https://openalex.org/W2948744484","https://openalex.org/W2965118708","https://openalex.org/W2966263586","https://openalex.org/W2968966268","https://openalex.org/W2969614956","https://openalex.org/W2972017207","https://openalex.org/W2979391352","https://openalex.org/W2984387473","https://openalex.org/W2987641384","https://openalex.org/W2989919848","https://openalex.org/W2995281728","https://openalex.org/W3006306412","https://openalex.org/W3006521740","https://openalex.org/W3007172326","https://openalex.org/W3008736874","https://openalex.org/W3009361606","https://openalex.org/W3009708885","https://openalex.org/W3010474701","https://openalex.org/W3011738021","https://openalex.org/W3013431833","https://openalex.org/W3033637764","https://openalex.org/W3035884323","https://openalex.org/W3058269262","https://openalex.org/W3101568737","https://openalex.org/W3108156375","https://openalex.org/W3109259353","https://openalex.org/W3109519134","https://openalex.org/W3109689375","https://openalex.org/W3109779303","https://openalex.org/W3112185702","https://openalex.org/W3112710624","https://openalex.org/W3121085375","https://openalex.org/W3126093821","https://openalex.org/W3130790431","https://openalex.org/W3134714953","https://openalex.org/W3134842863","https://openalex.org/W3136742452","https://openalex.org/W3148962211","https://openalex.org/W3159929995","https://openalex.org/W4229658306","https://openalex.org/W4255215277","https://openalex.org/W6631113584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2201779260","https://openalex.org/W2616889018","https://openalex.org/W4285128119","https://openalex.org/W1590474984","https://openalex.org/W4312750918","https://openalex.org/W952855136","https://openalex.org/W2308832366","https://openalex.org/W4317714057","https://openalex.org/W2896050050","https://openalex.org/W2907546190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,35,86,130,193,205,235,290,304],"context.":[2],"Non-formal":[3],"learning":[4,51],"for":[5,83,112,287],"K-12":[6,81,94],"computing":[7,15,77,95,103],"education":[8,78,104],"enables":[9],"young":[10,36,84,113],"people":[11,37,85],"to":[12,48,279,294],"learn":[13],"about":[14,80],"outside":[16],"the":[17,66,73,90,217,229,248,261],"formal":[18],"curriculum.":[19],"Many":[20],"studies":[21,143,156,189,221],"have":[22,38],"reported":[23,157],"on":[24,109,158,175],"non-formal":[25,50,93,110,264,292],"initiatives":[26,52,82,111,258],"but":[27,121],"it":[28],"is":[29,89,285,302],"not":[30,267],"always":[31],"clear":[32],"what":[33],"children":[34],"gained":[39],"from":[40,118,146,216],"their":[41],"participation.":[42],"Objectives.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45,67],"set":[46,298],"out":[47],"investigate":[49],"by":[53,65,167,188],"means":[54],"of":[55,75,92,102,155,197,226,232,244,253,263,299],"a":[56],"systematic":[57,99],"literature":[58,100],"review.":[59],"The":[60,152,182,224,251],"two":[61],"research":[62,79,105,284],"questions":[63],"addressed":[64],"are:":[68],"(1)":[69],"What":[70,88],"has":[71],"been":[72],"focus":[74],"recent":[76],"(2)":[87],"impact":[91,231],"initiatives?":[96],"Method.":[97],"A":[98],"review":[101],"was":[106,116,208,238],"conducted,":[107],"focused":[108],"people.":[114],"Research":[115],"included":[117],"any":[119],"country,":[120],"must":[122],"be":[123],"published":[124],"in":[125],"English":[126],"between":[127],"January":[128],"2015":[129],"April":[131],"2021.":[132],"Searches":[133],"using":[134],"key":[135],"terms":[136],"were":[137,144,190,214],"performed":[138],"across":[139,247],"three":[140],"databases.":[141],"88":[142],"synthesised":[145],"over":[147],"400":[148],"initial":[149],"results.":[150],"Findings.":[151],"vast":[153],"majority":[154,225,262],"immersive":[159],"multi-day":[160],"settings":[161],"such":[162,200],"as":[163,201],"summer":[164,272],"camps":[165],"run":[166],"universities":[168],"(n=":[169,203],"67),":[170],"with":[171,219],"fewer":[172],"(n=21)":[173],"reporting":[174,243],"regular":[176,256,288],"ongoing":[177],"after-school":[178,257,289],"or":[179,241,270],"weekend":[180],"clubs.":[181],"most":[183,220],"popular":[184],"affective":[185],"outcomes":[186],"measured":[187,228],"self-efficacy":[191],"(n=25)":[192],"interest":[194],"(n=22).":[195],"Measurement":[196],"cognitive":[198],"outcomes,":[199],"knowledge":[202],"13)":[204],"skills":[206],"(n=17),":[207],"less":[209],"prevalent.":[210],"22":[211],"different":[212],"topics":[213],"identified":[215],"studies,":[218],"being":[222,268,276],"programming-heavy.":[223],"papers":[227,254],"short-term":[230,291],"these":[233],"interventions,":[234],"generally":[236],"there":[237],"an":[239],"inconsistent":[240],"incomplete":[242],"learner":[245],"characteristics":[246],"studies.":[249],"Implications.":[250],"lack":[252],"investigating":[255],"suggests":[259],"that":[260,271,296],"learners":[265],"are":[266,275],"studied":[269],"school":[273],"findings":[274],"wrongly":[277],"extrapolated":[278],"this":[280,297],"setting.":[281],"More":[282],"rigorous":[283],"needed":[286],"contexts":[293],"ensure":[295],"learners\u2019":[300],"experiences":[301],"understood":[303],"potentially":[305],"improved.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
